Njengokunqoba kokuqamba izinto ezintsha, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US yanquma ukuthi ukusebenzisa kwe-Google i-Java application programming interfaces (APIs) kwakungokomthetho nokufanelekile. Kulolu hlelo, inkantolo yachitha isinqumo sangaphambilini se-Federal Circuit futhi yabona ukuthi i-copyright ingakhuthaza kuphela ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nobuciko uma inikeza indawo yokuphefumula kulabo abakha emiphumeleni ekhona. Lesi sinqumo sihlinzeka ngokuqiniseka okungokomthetho okwengeziwe komkhuba ovamile wonjiniyela besofthiwe abasebenzisa, baphinde basebenzise, futhi baphinde basebenzise izixhumanisi zesofthiwe ezibhalwe abanye, okuyisisekelo se-inthanethi kanye nobuchwepheshe bekhompuyutha yomuntu siqu esibusebenzisa nsuku zonke. Icala leminyaka eyishumi: I-Oracle ithi umnikazi we-copyright ye-Java API-ikakhulukazi igama nefomethi yokubiza imisebenzi yekhompyutha-kanye nezimangalo zokuthi i-Google yephule i-copyright ngokusebenzisa (ukwenza kabusha) ama-Java API athile ohlelweni lokusebenza lwe-Android. Lapho idala i-Android, i-Google ibhale isethi yayo yemisebenzi eyisisekelo efana ne-Java (ikhodi yayo yokusebenza). Kodwa ukuze uvumele onjiniyela ukuthi babhale ezabo izinhlelo ze-Android, i-Google isebenzisa ukucaciswa okuthile kwe-Java API (ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi “ikhodi yesimemezelo”). I-API inikeza ulimi oluvamile lwezinhlelo zokuxhumana. Baphinde bavumele abahleli bohlelo ukuthi basebenze besebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo esijwayelekile, ngisho nasezinkundleni ezincintisanayo. Ukumemezela ukuthi bavikelwe yilungelo lobunikazi kuzothinta umnyombo wokuqamba izinto ezintsha nokubambisana. I-EFF ithumele izifinyezo eziningi ze-amicus curiae kuleli cala, ichaza ukuthi kungani ama-API kungafanele avikelwe yilungelo lobunikazi, futhi kungani noma kunjalo, ukuwasebenzisa ngendlela ye-Google kungahlanganisi ukwephulwa komthetho. Njengoba sichazile ngaphambili, imibono yalezi zinkantolo ezimbili ze-Federal Circuit iyinhlekelele yokusungulwa kwesofthiwe yekhompyutha. I-API yayo yokuqala yesinqumo inelungelo lokuvikelwa kwe-copyright-iphikisana nemibono yezinye izinkantolo eziningi kanye nokulindelwe isikhathi eside kososayensi bekhompyutha. Eqinisweni, ukungabandakanyi ama-API ekuvikelweni kwelungelo lobunikazi kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhompyutha esimanje kanye ne-inthanethi. Ngemva kwalokho isinqumo sesibili senza izinto zaba zimbi nakakhulu. Umbono wokuqala we-Federal Circuit okungenani ububambe ukuthi ijaji kufanele linqume ukuthi ngabe ukusetshenziswa kwe-Google kwe-Java API kwakulungile, futhi empeleni ijaji lenze lokho kanye. Nokho, u-Oracle waphinda wafaka isicelo. Ngo-2018, wona lawo majaji amathathu e-Federal Circuit achitha isinqumo sejaji, ephikisana ngokuthi i-Google ayizange izibandakanye ekusetshenzisweni komthetho ngendlela efanele. Ngenhlanhla, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavuma ukulibuyekeza leli cala. Esinqumweni sika-6-2, iJaji uBreyer lichaze ukuthi kungani ukusebenzisa kwe-Google i-Java API kufaneleka ngokomthetho. Okokuqala, inkantolo yaxoxa ngezinye zezimiso eziyisisekelo zesimiso sokusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, ibhala ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okulungile “kuvumela inkantolo ukuba igweme ukusetshenziswa okuqinile kwemithetho ye-copyright, ngoba ngezinye izikhathi kuphazamisa ubuhlakani umthetho ohlose ukubuhlakulela.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkantolo yathi:
“Ukusetshenziswa okufanele” kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ububanzi obungokomthetho be-copyright yohlelo lwekhompyutha… Kungasiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kobuchwepheshe. Ingakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezici ezicacile nezisebenzayo zekhodi yekhompyutha, lapho lezi zici zixutshwe khona. Ingagxila ekukhiqizeni okokusebenza okuvikelwe nge-copyright okuhlinzeka ngezisusa zezidingo ezisemthethweni, kuyilapho ihlola izinga ukuvikela okwengeziwe kubangela umonakalo ongabalulekile noma ongekho emthethweni kwezinye izimakethe noma okunye ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo.”
Ngokwenza kanjalo, isinqumo sigcizelele injongo yangempela ye-copyright: ukugqugquzela ukuqamba okusha nokudala. Uma ilungelo lobunikazi liphambene, ukusetshenziswa okulungile kunikeza i-valve yokuphepha ebalulekile. UJaji uBreyer wabe esephendukela ezicini ezisemthethweni zokusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele. Odabeni olusebenzayo lwe-copyright yesoftware, uqale waxoxa ngohlobo lwemisebenzi ye-copyright. I-Java API “iyisixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi” esivumela abasebenzisi (lapha, abathuthukisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android) ukuthi “balawule futhi balawule” izinhlelo zekhompyutha ezenza imisebenzi. Inkantolo ibone ukuthi ikhodi yesimemezelo ye-Java API yehlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zekhodi yekhompiyutha enamalungelo obunikazi-“ihlanganiswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa” futhi inemisebenzi engavikelwe yilungelo lobunikazi, njengesistimu yokusebenza kwekhompyutha kanye nenhlangano yayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezithile. yemiyalo (i-Java "indlela yokucela"). Njengoba inkantolo yaveza ukuthi:
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlelo eziningi, inani layo lifika ngezinga elikhulu kusukela kulabo abangenalo ilungelo lobunikazi, okungukuthi, abahleli bezinhlelo zekhompyutha, abasebenzisa isikhathi namandla abo ukuze bafunde ukubaluleka kwesistimu ye-API. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlelo eziningi, ukubaluleka kwayo kusemizamweni yayo yokukhuthaza abahleli bezinhlelo ukuthi bafunde futhi basebenzise isistimu ukuze basebenzise (futhi baqhubeke nokusebenzisa) ukuqaliswa okuhlobene ne-Sun i-Google engazange ikopishe.
Ngakho-ke, njengoba kuthiwa ikhodi “iqhelelene kakhulu nomnyombo welungelo lobunikazi kunezinhlelo eziningi zekhompiyutha (njengekhodi yokusebenzisa),” lesi sici sivumela ukusetshenziswa okufanele. Ijaji uBreyer wabe esexoxa ngenjongo nezici zokusetshenziswa. Lapha, umbono ucacisa lapho ukusetshenziswa kwesofthiwe yekhompiyutha "kuyashintsha", kudala izinto ezintsha kunokumane kuthathelwe indawo yokuqala. Nakuba i-Google “inembile” ikopishe ingxenye ye-Java API, i-Google yenze kanjalo ukuze idale imikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezinhloso ezintsha futhi inikeze abahleli bohlelo “ngamathuluzi anobuhlakani ngokwedlulele naqanjiwe” okuthuthukiswa kwe-smartphone. Lokhu kusetshenziswa “kuhambisana nenqubekela phambili yokudala’ njengomgomo oyisisekelo womthethosisekelo we-copyright ngokwayo.” Inkantolo ixoxe “ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuqaliswa kabusha kwesixhumi esibonakalayo kungasiza ngazo ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zekhompiyutha”, njengokuvumela izinhlelo ezahlukene ukuthi zixhumane kanye nokuvumela abahleli bohlelo baqhubeke nokusebenzisa amakhono abawatholile. Ijaji liphinde lezwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-API kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile womkhakha. Ngakho-ke, umbono uphethe ngokuthi "inhloso kanye nemvelo" yokukopisha kwe-Google kuyashintsha, ngakho into yokuqala ivumela ukusetshenziswa okufanele. Okulandelayo, inkantolo icubungule isici sesithathu sokusetshenziswa okulungile, okuyinani nokuphatheka kwengxenye esetshenzisiwe. Kulokhu, empeleni, imigqa engu-11,500 yekhodi yesimemezelo esetshenziswa i-Google ingaphansi kuka-1% yenani eliphelele lezinhlelo ze-Java SE. Ngisho nekhodi yesimemezelo esetshenziswa i-Google ukuvumela abahleli bohlelo ukuthi basebenzise ulwazi lwabo nolwazi ku-Java API ukuze babhale izinhlelo ezintsha zama-smartphone e-Android. Njengoba inani lamakhophi “lihlobene” nezinjongo ezisebenzayo neziguqulayo, izici “ezinkulu” zihambisana nokusetshenziswa okufanele. Ekugcineni, izizathu ezimbalwa ziholele iJaji uBreyer ekuphetheni ngokuthi umphumela wemakethe wesici sesine uvuna i-Google. Ngaphandle kokwethulwa kwe-Android emakethe, i-Sun ayinalo ikhono lokwakha i-smartphone esebenzayo. Noma yimuphi umthombo wokulahlekelwa kwemali engenayo ye-Sun uwumphumela wenkampani yangaphandle (umhleli) otshala imali ekufundeni nasekusebenziseni i-Java. Ngakho-ke, “Ngenxa yokutshala imali komklami ekufundeni i-Sun Java API, ukuvumela ilungelo lobunikazi be-Oracle ukuthi lisetshenziswe lapha kungaba sengozini yokulimaza umphakathi. Uma kucatshangelwa izindleko nobunzima bokukhiqiza amanye ama-API akhanga ngendlela efanayo kubahleli bohlelo, kuvunyelwe lapha Ukuphoqelela umthetho kuzokwenza ikhodi yesimemezelo ye-Sun Java API ibe ilokhi ekhawulela ubuciko besikhathi esizayo bezinhlelo ezintsha.” Lo “khiye” uphazamisa umgomo oyisisekelo we-copyright. Inkantolo iphethe ngokuthi “I-Google isisebenzise kabusha isixhumi esibonakalayo futhi yamukela kuphela okudingekayo ukuze kuvunyelwe abasebenzisi ukuthi basebenzise amathalente abo abawaqongelele ezinhlelweni ezintsha neziguqulayo. Ikhophi ye-Google ye-Sun Java API inengqondo ngokusemthethweni kulezi zinsiza. Sebenzisa.” INkantolo Ephakeme ishiye umbuzo wokuthi ingabe imisebenzi yesofthiwe yekhompyutha inamalungelo okukopisha usuku olulodwa. Noma kunjalo, siyajabula ukuthi inkantolo ibona ukubaluleka okuphelele kokusetshenziswa okufanele emacaleni esofthiwe kanye nentshisekelo yomphakathi ekuvumeleni abahleli bohlelo, abathuthukisi, nabanye abasebenzisi ukuthi baqhubeke nokusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo lokusebenzelana kwesofthiwe abalutholile nolwazi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ezilandelayo.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-28-2021
