Monga chigonjetso pazatsopano, Khothi Lalikulu ku US lidagamula kuti Google kugwiritsa ntchito ma Java application programming interfaces (APIs) kunali kovomerezeka komanso koyenera. Pochita izi, khotilo lidaphwanya chigamulo cham'mbuyomu cha Federal Circuit ndipo idazindikira kuti kukopera kumatha kulimbikitsa zatsopano komanso zaluso pomwe zimapereka mwayi wopumira kwa iwo omwe amamanga pazotsatira zomwe zilipo. Chigamulochi chimapereka chitsimikiziro chazamalamulo pazochita zodziwika bwino za opanga mapulogalamu ogwiritsa ntchito, kugwiritsanso ntchito, ndi kukhazikitsanso maulalo a mapulogalamu olembedwa ndi ena, omwe ndi maziko aukadaulo wapaintaneti komanso umisiri wapakompyuta womwe timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse. Mlandu wazaka khumi: Oracle amadzinenera kuti ali ndi copyright ya Java API-makamaka dzina ndi mawonekedwe oyitanitsa magwiridwe antchito apakompyuta-ndi zonena kuti Google yaphwanya ufulu wa kukopera pogwiritsa ntchito (kukonzanso) ma Java API mu Android opareshoni. Popanga Android, Google idalemba ntchito zake zoyambira zofanana ndi Java (code yake yokhazikitsa). Koma kuti alole opanga kulemba mapulogalamu awo a Android, Google imagwiritsa ntchito zina za Java API (yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa "declaration code"). API imapereka chilankhulo chodziwika kuti mapulogalamu azilumikizana wina ndi mnzake. Amalolanso opanga mapulogalamu kuti azigwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe odziwika, ngakhale pamapulatifomu opikisana. Kulengeza kuti iwo ndi otetezedwa ndi kukopera kudzakhudza maziko a luso ndi mgwirizano. EFF idapereka chidule cha amicus curiae pankhaniyi, kufotokoza chifukwa chake ma API sayenera kutetezedwa ndi kukopera, ndipo chifukwa chake mulimonse, kugwiritsa ntchito mwanjira ya Google sikuphwanya. Monga tafotokozera kale, malingaliro a makhothi awiriwa a Federal Circuit ndi tsoka pakupanga mapulogalamu apakompyuta. Chisankho chake choyamba-API ili ndi ufulu wotetezedwa ndi kukopera kumatsutsana ndi malingaliro a makhothi ena ambiri komanso zomwe asayansi amayembekezera kwa nthawi yayitali. M'malo mwake, kupatula ma API pachitetezo cha kukopera ndikofunikira pakupanga makompyuta amakono ndi intaneti. Kenako chosankha chachiwiri chinapangitsa kuti zinthu ziipireipire. Lingaliro loyamba la Federal Circuit linali loti oweruza ayenera kusankha ngati Google kugwiritsa ntchito Java API kunali koyenera, ndipo oweruza adachita zomwezo. Komabe, Oracle anachitanso apilo. Mu 2018, oweruza atatu a Federal Circuit omwewo adatsutsa chigamulo cha oweruza, ponena kuti Google sinagwiritse ntchito malamulo mwachilungamo. Mwamwayi, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linavomera kuti liunikenso mlanduwo. Mu chigamulo cha 6-2, Woweruza Breyer adalongosola chifukwa chake Google kugwiritsa ntchito Java API kuli koyenera mwalamulo. Choyamba, khotilo linakambitsirana za mfundo zina zofunika za mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito mwachilungamo, ndipo linalemba kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mwachilungamo “kumaloleza khoti kupeŵa kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo okopera, chifukwa nthaŵi zina kumalepheretsa luso limene lamuloli limafuna kulima.” Kuonjezera apo, khotilo lidati:
“Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachilungamo” kungathandize kwambiri kudziwa kukula kwa copyright ya pulogalamu ya pakompyuta… Zingathandize kusiyanitsa umisiri. Ikhoza kusiyanitsa pakati pa machitidwe owonetserako komanso ogwira ntchito a code code ya kompyuta, kumene izi zimasakanizidwa. Itha kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga zida zotetezedwa ndi Copyright zimapereka zolimbikitsira pazofunikira, ndikuwunika momwe chitetezo china chimawonongera zosayenera kapena zosaloledwa m'misika ina kapena chitukuko china. ”
Pochita izi, chigamulocho chinagogomezera cholinga chenicheni cha kukopera: kulimbikitsa luso komanso luso. Pamene kukopera kuli kosiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera kumapereka valve yofunikira yotetezera. Judge Breyer ndiye adatembenukira kuzinthu zina zogwiritsiridwa ntchito mwachilungamo. Pankhani yogwira ntchito pakompyuta, adakambirana kaye za mtundu wa ntchito za kukopera. Java API ndi "mawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchito" omwe amalola ogwiritsa ntchito (apa, opanga mapulogalamu a Android) "kuwongolera ndi kuwongolera" mapulogalamu apakompyuta omwe amagwira ntchito. Khotilo lidawona kuti code declaration ya Java API ndi yosiyana ndi mitundu ina yama code apakompyuta omwe ali ndi copyright-ndi "yophatikizana mosagawanika" ndipo ili ndi ntchito zomwe sizitetezedwa ndi kukopera, monga makina ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta ndi bungwe lake komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu enaake. ya malamulo (Java "njira invocation"). Monga momwe bwalo lidanenera:
Mosiyana ndi mapulogalamu ena ambiri, phindu lake limabwera mokulira kuchokera kwa omwe alibe ufulu wa kukopera, ndiko kuti, opanga mapulogalamu apakompyuta, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi mphamvu zawo kuti aphunzire phindu la API. Mosiyana ndi mapulogalamu ena ambiri, phindu lake liri mu kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa olemba mapulogalamu kuti aphunzire ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dongosololi kuti agwiritse ntchito (ndikupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito) zochitika zokhudzana ndi Sun zomwe Google sinakope.
Chifukwa chake, popeza akuti malamulowo “ali kutali kwambiri ndi chinsinsi cha kukopera kuposa mapulogalamu ambiri apakompyuta (monga malamulo oyendetsera ntchito),” ichi ndi choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachilungamo. Kenako Judge Breyer anakambilana za cholinga ndi mikhalidwe ya kugwiritsa ntchito. Apa, lingaliro limafotokoza bwino pamene kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a pakompyuta ndi "kusintha", kupanga zinthu zatsopano m'malo mongosintha zoyambirira. Ngakhale Google "ndendende" idakopera gawo la Java API, Google idachita izi kuti ipange zinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zolinga zatsopano ndikupatsa opanga mapulogalamu "zida zopanga bwino kwambiri" zopangira ma smartphone. Kugwiritsa ntchito uku "kukugwirizana ndi "kupita patsogolo" monga cholinga chalamulo cha kukopera komweko." Khotilo linakambirana za "njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe kubwezeretsedwanso kwa mawonekedwe kungathandize kupanga mapulogalamu apakompyuta", monga kulola mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana kuti azilankhulana wina ndi mzake komanso kulola olemba mapulogalamu kuti apitirize kugwiritsa ntchito luso lomwe adapeza. Oweruza adamvanso kuti kugwiritsanso ntchito API ndizochitika wamba zamakampani. Chifukwa chake, lingalirolo linanena kuti "cholinga ndi chikhalidwe" cha kukopera kwa Google ndikusintha, kotero chinthu choyamba ndi choyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mwachilungamo. Kenako, khotilo lidaganiziranso chinthu chachitatu chogwiritsa ntchito mwachilungamo, chomwe ndi kuchuluka komanso kuchuluka kwa gawo lomwe lagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pankhaniyi, mizere 11,500 ya code declaration yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Google ndi yocheperapo 1% ya chiwerengero cha mapulogalamu a Java SE. Ngakhale khodi yolengeza yomwe Google amagwiritsa ntchito ndikulola olemba mapulogalamu kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chawo ndi chidziwitso chawo mu Java API kulemba mapulogalamu atsopano a mafoni a Android. Popeza kuchuluka kwa makope "ndikukhudzana" ndi zolinga zogwira mtima komanso zosintha, zinthu "zazikulu" ndizothandiza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito moyenera. Pomaliza, zifukwa zingapo zidapangitsa Judge Breyer kunena kuti msika wa chinthu chachinayi ndiwokomera Google. Popanda kukhazikitsidwa kwa Android pamsika, Sun ilibe luso lopanga foni yamakono yotheka. Chilichonse chomwe chimataya ndalama za Sun ndi chifukwa cha munthu wina (wopanga mapulogalamu) omwe amaika ndalama pakuphunzira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Java. Chifukwa chake, "Poganizira za ndalama zomwe wopanga mapulogalamuwa adachita pophunzira API ya Sun Java, kulola kuti copyright ya Oracle ichitidwe pano kungawononge anthu. Poganizira za mtengo ndi zovuta zopangira ma API ena omwenso ndi okopa kwa opanga mapulogalamu, ndizololedwa apa Enforcement ipangitsa kuti code yolengeza ya Sun Java API ikhale loko yomwe imaletsa kupangidwa kwamtsogolo kwa mapulogalamu atsopano. ” "Loko" ili limasokoneza cholinga choyambirira cha kukopera. Khothi linanena kuti "Google yathandiziranso mawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchito ndikungotengera zomwe zikufunika kuti alole ogwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito maluso awo omwe adapeza pamapulogalamu atsopano komanso osintha. Buku la Google la Sun Java API ndilovomerezeka mwalamulo pazinthu izi. Gwiritsani ntchito." Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linasiya funso ngati ntchito za pulogalamu ya pakompyuta ndizovomerezeka kwa tsiku limodzi. Komabe, ndife okondwa kuti bwalo lamilandu limazindikira kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito mwachilungamo pamilandu yamapulogalamu komanso chidwi cha anthu kulola opanga mapulogalamu, opanga mapulogalamu, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ena kuti apitilize kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chawo chapakompyuta komanso luso lawo pamapulatifomu otsatirawa.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-28-2021
