Njengoloyiso lokusungula izinto ezintsha, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US yagweba ukuba ukusetyenziswa kukaGoogle kojongano lwenkqubo yesicelo seJava (APIs) yayisemthethweni kwaye ilungile. Kwinkqubo, inkundla yasitshitshisa isigqibo sangaphambili seSekethe ye-Federal kwaye yaqaphela ukuba i-copyright inokukhuthaza kuphela ukutsha kunye nobuchule xa inika indawo yokuphefumula kwabo bakha kwiziphumo ezikhoyo. Esi sigqibo sibonelela ngengqiniseko ethe kratya yomthetho kuqheliselo oluqhelekileyo lwabaphuhlisi besoftware abasebenzisa, baphinde basebenzise, kwaye baphinde baphumeze ujongano lwesoftware olubhalwe ngabanye, olusisiseko sobuninzi be-Intanethi kunye nobuchwephesha becomputing yobuqu esibusebenzisa mihla le. Ityala leminyaka elishumi: I-Oracle ibango lokuba ngumnini we-copyright ye-Java API-ikakhulu igama kunye nefomathi yokubiza imisebenzi yekhompyutha-kunye namabango okuba uGoogle wophule ilungelo lokushicilela ngokusebenzisa (ukubuyisela kwakhona) i-Java APIs ethile kwinkqubo yokusebenza ye-Android. Xa udala i-Android, i-Google ibhale isethi yayo yemisebenzi esisiseko efana neJava (ikhowudi yayo yokuphunyezwa). Kodwa ukuze uvumele abaphuhlisi ukuba babhale iinkqubo zabo ze-Android, i-Google isebenzisa iinkcukacha ezithile zeJava API (ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba "ikhowudi yesibhengezo"). I-API ibonelela ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo lweenkqubo zokunxibelelana omnye nomnye. Bakwavumela abadwelisi benkqubo ukuba basebenze besebenzisa ujongano oluqhelekileyo, nakwiqonga elikhuphisanayo. Ukubhengeza ukuba bakhuselwe lilungelo lokushicilela kuya kuchukumisa undoqo wokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nentsebenziswano. I-EFF ingenise inani elikhulu lezishwankathelo ze-amicus curiae kule meko, ichaza ukuba kutheni i-APIs akufanele ikhuselwe yi-copyright, kwaye kutheni nakweyiphi na imeko, ukuyisebenzisa ngendlela ye-Google ayifaki ukuphulwa. Njengoko besichazile ngaphambili, izimvo zezi nkundla zimbini zeSekethe ziyintlekele yokwenziwa kwesoftware yekhompyuter. Isigqibo sayo sokuqala-API sinelungelo lokukhuselwa kwelungelo lokushicilela-liqhuba ngokuchasene nezimvo zezinye iinkundla ezininzi kunye nolindelo olude olulindelwe kwizazinzulu zekhompyuter. Ngapha koko, ukungabandakanyi i-APIs ekukhuselweni kwamalungelo okukopisha kubalulekile kuphuhliso lweekhompyuter zanamhlanje kunye ne-Intanethi. Sandula ke isigqibo sesibini senza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi. Imbono yokuqala yeSekethe ye-Federal ubuncinci ibambe ukuba ijaji kufuneka ithathe isigqibo sokuba ngaba ukusetyenziswa kukaGoogle kweJava API kwakulungile, kwaye eneneni ijaji lenze loo nto. Nangona kunjalo, u-Oracle wabhena kwakhona. Ngo-2018, abagwebi abathathu abafanayo beSekethe yeSekethe babhukuqa isigwebo sejaji, besithi iGoogle ayizange ibandakanyeke ekusebenziseni ngokufanelekileyo emthethweni. Ngethamsanqa, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yavuma ukulihlolisisa eli tyala. Kwisigqibo se-6-2, uMgwebi uBreyer wachaza ukuba kutheni ukusetyenziswa kwe-Google kweJava API kusemthethweni ngokusemthethweni. Okokuqala, inkundla yaxubusha ngeminye yemigaqo esisiseko yomgaqo wokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, ibhala ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo “kuvumela inkundla ukuba iphephe ukusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kwemithetho yamalungelo okukhuphela, kuba maxa wambi kuthintela ubuchule obumiselwe ngumthetho ukubuhlakulela.” Ukongeza, inkundla yathi:
“Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo” kunokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni umda osemthethweni welungelo lokushicilela lenkqubo yekhompyutha… Inganceda ukwahlula phakathi kobuchwepheshe. Iyakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kweempawu ezicacileyo kunye nezisebenzayo zekhowudi yekhompyutheni, apho ezi mpawu zixutywe. Inokugxila kwimveliso yezinto ezikhuselweyo zelungelo lokushicilela zinika inkuthazo kwiimfuno ezisemthethweni, ngelixa iphonononga ubungakanani bokhuseleko olongezelelweyo olubangela umonakalo ongabalulekanga okanye ongekho mthethweni kwezinye iimarike okanye olunye uphuhliso lwemveliso.
Ngokwenza njalo, isigqibo sigxininise injongo yokwenyani yelungelo lokushicilela: ukukhuthaza ukuqamba izinto ezintsha kunye nokuyila. Xa ilungelo lokushicilela lichasene, ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kunika ivalve ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko. UJaji uBreyer ke waguqukela kwizinto ezithile ezisemthethweni zokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Kwimeko ye-copyright yesoftware esebenzayo, waqala waxoxa ngobume bemisebenzi ye-copyright. IJava API "lujongano lomsebenzisi" oluvumela abasebenzisi (apha, abaphuhlisi bezicelo ze-Android) ukuba "balawule kwaye balawule" iinkqubo zekhompyuter ezenza imisebenzi. Inkundla yabona ukuba ikhowudi yesibhengezo se-Java API yahlukile kwezinye iintlobo zekhowudi yekhompyuter ene-copyright- "idityaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa" kwaye inemisebenzi engakhuselwanga yi-copyright, efana nenkqubo yomsebenzi wekhompyuter kunye nombutho wayo kunye nosetyenziso lwenkqubo ethile. yemiyalelo (iJava "indlela yokucela"). Njengoko inkundla yathi:
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinkqubo ezininzi, ixabiso layo liza kumlinganiselo omkhulu kwabo bangenalo ilungelo lokushicilela, oko kukuthi, abaprogram bekhompyutheni, abatyala ixesha kunye namandla abo ukuze bafunde ixabiso lenkqubo ye-API. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinkqubo ezininzi, ixabiso layo lixhomekeke kwimizamo yokukhuthaza abaprogram ukuba bafunde kwaye basebenzise inkqubo ukwenzela ukuba basebenzise (kwaye baqhubeke besebenzisa) ukuphunyezwa okuhambelana ne-Sun ukuba i-Google ayikopishwanga.
Ngoko ke, ekubeni kusithiwa ikhowudi “ikude lee kumbindi welungelo lokushicilela kuneenkqubo ezininzi zekhompyutha (ezifana nekhowudi yokuphumeza),” lo mba ulungele ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. UJaji uBreyer waxubusha injongo kunye neempawu zokusetyenziswa. Apha, uluvo lucacisa xa ukusetyenziswa kwesoftware yekhompyuter "iguquguqukayo", ukudala izinto ezintsha kunokutshintsha nje ezokuqala. Nangona uGoogle "ngokuchanekileyo" ekhuphele inxalenye yeJava API, uGoogle wenze njalo ukwenza iimveliso ezihlangabezana neenjongo ezintsha kunye nokubonelela abadwelisi benkqubo "ngezixhobo zokuyila kakhulu kunye nezixhobo ezintsha" zophuhliso lwe-smartphone. Oku kusetyenziswa “kuyahambelana nenkqubo yokuyila’ njengeyona njongo yomgaqo-siseko yelungelo lokushicilela ngokwalo.” Inkundla yaxubusha "iindlela ezahlukeneyo apho ukuphunyezwa kwakhona kwe-interface kunokuncedisa ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zekhompyutheni", njengokuvumela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ukuba zinxibelelane kunye nokuvumela abadwelisi benkqubo ukuba baqhubeke nokusebenzisa izakhono abazifumeneyo. I-jury iphinde yeva ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-API yinto eqhelekileyo yoshishino. Ke ngoko, uluvo lugqibe kwelokuba "injongo kunye nendalo" yokukopa kukaGoogle iguqukile, ke into yokuqala ifanelekile ekusebenziseni ngokufanelekileyo. Okulandelayo, inkundla ithathele ingqalelo into yesithathu yokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, ubuninzi kunye nezinto eziphathekayo zenxalenye esetyenzisiweyo. Kule meko, ngokwenene, imigca ye-11,500 yekhowudi yesibhengezo esetyenziswe yiGoogle ingaphantsi kwe-1% yenani elipheleleyo leenkqubo zeJava SE. Nokuba ikhowudi yokubhengeza esetyenziswa nguGoogle kukuvumela abadwelisi benkqubo ukuba basebenzise ulwazi lwabo kunye namava kwiJava API ukubhala iinkqubo ezintsha zee-smartphones ze-Android. Kuba inani leekopi “linxulumene” neenjongo ezisebenzayo nezinotshintsho, imiba “ebalulekileyo” inceda ekusetyenzisweni ngokufanelekileyo. Okokugqibela, izizathu ezininzi zikhokelele uMgwebi uBreyer ukuba agqibe kwelokuba isiphumo sentengiso yento yesine sixhasa uGoogle. Ukuzimela ngokusungulwa kwe-Android kwimarike, iLanga ayinakho ukukwazi ukwakha i-smartphone esebenzayo. Nawuphi na umthombo welahleko yengeniso yeLanga sisiphumo somntu wesithathu (umdwelisi) otyala imali ekufundeni nasekusebenziseni iJava. Ke ngoko, “Ngokujonga utyalo-mali lomenzi wenkqubo ekufundeni iSun Java API, ukuvumela ilungelo lokushicilela lika-Oracle lisetyenziswe apha kungabeka umngcipheko wokwenzakalisa uluntu. Ukuthathela ingqalelo iindleko kunye nobunzima bokuvelisa ezinye ii-API ezinomtsalane ngokufanayo kubadwelisi benkqubo, kuvunyelwe apha Unyanzeliso luza kwenza ikhowudi ebhengezayo ye-Sun Java API ibe isitshixo esithintela ukuyilwa kwexesha elizayo kweenkqubo ezintsha.” Le "tshixo" iphazamisana nenjongo esisiseko yelungelo lokushicilela. Inkundla igqibe kwelokuba “uGoogle uye waphinda wasebenzisa ujongano lomsebenzisi kwaye wamkele kuphela into efunekayo ukuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba basebenzise iitalente zabo abaziqokeleleyo kwiinkqubo ezintsha kunye nenguqu. Ikopi kaGoogle yeSun Java API ifanelekile ngokusemthethweni kwezi zixhobo. Sebenzisa.” INkundla ePhakamileyo iwushiyile umbuzo wokuba ingaba imisebenzi yesoftware yekhompyuter inelungelo lokushicilela usuku olunye. Nangona kunjalo, siyavuya kuba inkundla iqaphela ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kumatyala esoftware kunye nomdla woluntu ekuvumeleni abadwelisi benkqubo, abaphuhlisi, kunye nabanye abasebenzisi ukuba baqhubeke nokusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo lojongano lwesoftware kunye namava kumaqonga alandelayo.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-28-2021
