Sekukunda kwekuvandudza, Dare Repamusorosoro reUS rakapa mutongo wekuti kushandisa kweGoogle mamwe Java application programming interfaces (APIs) kwaive kushandiswa kwemutemo uye kwakanaka. Mukuita izvi, dare rakapidigura danho rekare reFederal Circuit uye rakaziva kuti copyright inogona chete kusimudzira hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi kana ichipa nzvimbo yekufema kune avo vanovaka pane zviripo. Sarudzo iyi inopa chokwadi chepamutemo chemaitiro akajairwa evagadziri vesoftware vachishandisa, kushandisazve, nekuita zvakare masoftware ekubatanidza akanyorwa nevamwe, hunova hwaro hweInternet uye tekinoroji yemakomputa yatinoshandisa mazuva ese. Mhosva yemakore gumi: Oracle anoti ndeyake kodzero yeJava API-kunyanya zita nefomati yekufona mabasa ekombuta-uye anoti Google yakatyora kodzero nekushandisa (kugadzirisa) mamwe maJava APIs muAndroid operating system. Paunenge uchigadzira Android, Google yakanyora yayo seti yebasa rekutanga rakafanana neJava (yayo kodhi yekushandisa). Asi kuti vabvumire vanogadzira kuti vanyore zvirongwa zvavo zve Android, Google inoshandisa mamwe maratidziro eJava API (dzimwe nguva inonzi "declaration code"). Iyo API inopa mutauro wakajairika wezvirongwa zvekutaurirana. Vanobvumirawo vanogadzira mapurogiramu kuti vashande vachishandisa yakajairika interface, kunyangwe pamapuratifomu anokwikwidza. Kuzivisa kuti ivo vakachengetedzwa nekodzero kuchabata musimboti wekuvandudza nekushandira pamwe. EFF yakatumira nhamba huru ye amicus curiae pfupiso munyaya iyi, ichitsanangura kuti sei maAPIs asingafaniri kuchengetedzwa nekodzero, uye nei chero zvakadaro, kuashandisa nenzira yeGoogle hakuiti kukanganisa. Sezvatakatsanangura kare, maonero ematare maviri aya eFederal Circuit injodzi yekuvandudza komputa software. Sarudzo yayo yekutanga-API ine kodzero yekuchengetedzwa kwecopyright-inopesana nemaonero emamwe matare mazhinji uye zvinotarisirwa kwenguva refu zvemakomputa sainzi. Muchokwadi, kusasanganisa maAPI kubva pakuchengetedzwa kwekodzero kwakakosha pakuvandudza makomputa emazuva ano neInternet. Chisarudzo chechipiri chakabva chawedzera kuipa. Maonero ekutanga eFederal Circuit angangobata kuti jury inofanirwa kusarudza kana kushandiswa kweGoogle kweJava API kwaive kwakanaka, uye chokwadi vatongi vakaita izvozvo. Nekudaro, Oracle akakwidza zvakare. Muna 2018, vatongi vatatu vakafanana veFederal Circuit vakapidigura mutongo wedare, vachipokana kuti Google haina kuita mukushandiswa kwakanaka mumutemo. Sezvineiwo, Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvuma kuongorora nyaya yacho. Muchisarudzo che6-2, Mutongi Breyer akatsanangura kuti nei kushandisa kweGoogle Java API kuri pamutemo. Chekutanga, dare rakakurukura mamwe emisimboti yemusimboti wekushandisa zvakanaka, richinyora kuti kushandiswa kwakanaka “kunobvumira dare kuti ridzivise kushandiswa kwakasimba kwemitemo yekodzero, nekuti dzimwe nguva zvinokanganisa hunyanzvi hunovavarirwa nemutemo kurima. Pamusoro pezvo, dare rakati:
"Kushandisa zvakanaka" kunogona kuita basa rakakosha pakuona chiyero chepamutemo chekodzero yechirongwa chekombuta… Inogona kubatsira kusiyanisa pakati petekinoroji. Inogona kusiyanisa pakati pezvinotaridza uye zvinoshanda zvekodhi yekombuta, uko zvinhu izvi zvakasanganiswa. Inogona kutarisa nezvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakachengetedzwa neCopyright-protected zvinopa kurudziro yezvido zviri pamutemo, uku uchiongorora kuti kumwe kudzivirirwa kunokonzeresa kusakosha kana kukuvadza zvisiri pamutemo mune mamwe misika kana kumwe kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa. "
Mukuita izvi, sarudzo yakasimbisa chinangwa chechokwadi chekodzero: kukurudzira hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi. Kana iyo copyright ichipesana, kushandiswa kwakanaka kunopa yakakosha vharafu. Mutongi Breyer akabva atendeukira kune chaiwo mashandisirwo emutemo zvinhu. Kune inoshanda software copyright kesi, akatanga kukurukura nezvemhando yemabasa ecopyright. Iyo Java API ndeye "mushandisi interface" inobvumira vashandisi (pano, vanogadzira maapplication eAroid) "kubata nekudzora" mapurogiramu emakombuta anoita mabasa. Dare rakaona kuti kodhi yekuzivisa yeJava API yakasiyana nedzimwe mhando dzekodhedhi yekombuta ine kodzero - "yakasanganiswa zvisingaparadzanisiki" uye ine mabasa asina kuchengetedzwa nekodzero, senge computer task system nesangano rayo uye chaiyo hurongwa Kushandisa. yemirairo (Java "method invocation"). Sezvakataurwa nedare:
Kusiyana nemamwe mapurogiramu akawanda, kukosha kwayo kunouya pamwero mukuru kubva kune avo vasina kodzero yekodzero, kureva, vagadziri vekombiyuta, vanoisa nguva yavo nesimba kuti vadzidze kukosha kweAPI system. Kusiyana nemamwe mapurogiramu akawanda, kukosha kwayo kuri mukuedza kwayo kukurudzira vanogadzira mapurogiramu kuti vadzidze uye vashandise hurongwa kuitira kuti vashandise (uye varambe vachishandisa) mashandisirwo ane chokuita neZuva ayo Google asina kukopa.
Naizvozvo, sezvo zvichinzi kodhi iri “kure kure nepakati pekodzero yekodzero kupfuura mapurogiramu mazhinji emakombuta (akadai sekodhi yekushandisa),” chinhu ichi chinokodzera kushandiswa kwakanaka. Mutongi Breyer akabva akurukura chinangwa uye maitiro ekushandiswa. Pano, maonero anojekesa apo kushandiswa kwekombiyuta "shanduko", kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva pane kungotsiva izvo zvepakutanga. Kunyangwe Google "chaizvo" yakakopa chikamu cheJava API, Google yakaita saizvozvo kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvinosangana nezvinangwa zvitsva uye kupa vanogadzira mapurogiramu "maturusi ekugadzira zvakanyanya uye ekuvandudza" ekuvandudza smartphone. Kushandisa uku "kunofambirana nekugadzira'kufambira mberi' sechinangwa chebumbiro rekodzero pachayo." Dare rakakurukura "nzira dzakasiyana-siyana idzo kushandiswazve kwechiratidziro kunogona kuita kuti kugadzirwa kwemapurogiramu emakombiyuta", zvakadai sekubvumira mapurogiramu akasiyana-siyana kuti ataurirane uye kubvumira vanogadzira purogiramu Kuenderera mberi vachishandisa unyanzvi hwavakawana. Dare revatongi rakanzwawo kuti kushandisazve API ibasa rakajairika reindasitiri. Naizvozvo, fungidziro yakagumisa kuti "chinangwa uye chimiro" chekukopa kweGoogle chinoshandura, saka chinhu chekutanga chinokodzera kushandiswa kwakanaka. Tevere, dare rakafunga chechitatu chekushandisa kwakanaka, inova huwandu uye zvinhu zvechikamu chakashandiswa. Muchiitiko ichi, chokwadi, mitsara ye11,500 yedeclaration code inoshandiswa neGoogle iri pasi pe1% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvirongwa zveJava SE. Kunyangwe iyo kodhi yekuzivisa inoshandiswa neGoogle ndeyekubvumira vanogadzira mapurogiramu kushandisa ruzivo rwavo uye ruzivo muJava API kunyora zvirongwa zvitsva zveAndroid smartphones. Sezvo huwandu hwemakopi "hune hukama" kune zvinobudirira uye zvinoshandura zvinangwa, "zvakakura" zvinhu zvinobatsira pakushandiswa kwakanaka. Chekupedzisira, zvikonzero zvakati wandei zvakaita kuti Mutongi Breyer afunge kuti musika wechinhu chechina uri mukufarira Google. Yakazvimirira yekutangwa kwe Android pamusika, Zuva harina kugona kuvaka inogoneka smartphone. Chero kupi kunobva kurasikirwa kwemari yeZuva mhedzisiro yechitatu bato (programmer) inodyara mukudzidza nekushandisa Java. Naizvozvo, “Nekuda kwekudyara kwemugadziri wepurogiramu mukudzidza iyo Sun Java API, kubvumira kodzero yeOracle kuti iitwe pano kunoisa njodzi yekukuvadza veruzhinji. Tichifunga nezve mutengo uye kuomerwa kwekugadzira mamwe ma API anoyevedza zvakafanana kune vanogadzira mapurogiramu, zvinotenderwa pano Enforcement ichaita kuti kodhi yekuzivisa yeSun Java API ive kiyi inorambidza ramangwana rekugadzira zvirongwa zvitsva. Iyi "kiya" inokanganisa chinangwa chakakosha chekodzero. Dare rakagumisa kuti "Google yakagadziridza mushandisi uye yakangotora izvo zvinodiwa kuti vashandisi vashandise matarenda avo akaunganidzira zvirongwa zvitsva uye zvinoshandura. Google kopi yeSun Java API inonzwisisika zviri pamutemo pazvinhu izvi. Shandisa." Dare Repamusorosoro rakasiya mubvunzo wekuti mabasa ekombuta ane kodzero yezuva rimwe chete. Zvakadaro, isu tinofara kuti dare rinoziva kukosha kwese kwekushandiswa kwakanaka mumasoftware esoftware uye kufarira kweveruzhinji kubvumidza vanogadzira mapurogiramu, vanogadzira, uye vamwe vashandisi kuti varambe vachishandisa ruzivo rwavo rwesoftware interface uye ruzivo mumapuratifomu anotevera.
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Nguva yekutumira: Oct-28-2021
