Nintsinzi yo guhanga udushya, Urukiko rwikirenga muri Amerika rwemeje ko Google ikoresha interineti zimwe na zimwe za porogaramu za Java (APIs) byemewe kandi byemewe. Muri icyo gikorwa, urukiko rwatesheje agaciro icyemezo cyabanjirije uruzinduko rw’igihugu kandi rwemeza ko uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bushobora guteza imbere udushya no guhanga udushya gusa iyo butanze umwanya wo guhumeka kububaka ku bisubizo bihari. Iki cyemezo gitanga ibyemezo byukuri byemewe kubikorwa bisanzwe byabashinzwe gukora software bakoresha, bongera gukoresha, no kongera gushyira mubikorwa interineti yanditswe nabandi, niyo shingiro rya interineti nyinshi hamwe nikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa dukoresha buri munsi. Urubanza rwimyaka icumi: Oracle ivuga ko ifite uburenganzira bwa Java API-cyane cyane izina nuburyo bwo guhamagara imikorere ya mudasobwa-ikavuga ko Google yarenze ku burenganzira ikoresheje (reimplementing) Java APIs zimwe na zimwe muri sisitemu y'imikorere ya Android. Mugihe cyo gukora Android, Google yanditse urutonde rwibikorwa byibanze bisa na Java (code yayo yo kuyishyira mu bikorwa). Ariko kugirango yemere abitezimbere kwandika porogaramu zabo kuri Android, Google ikoresha ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya Java API (rimwe na rimwe bita "kode yo gutangaza"). API itanga ururimi rusanzwe kuri gahunda zo gushyikirana. Bemerera kandi abategura porogaramu gukora bakoresheje interineti imenyerewe, ndetse no ku mbuga zirushanwa. Gutangaza ko barinzwe nuburenganzira bizakora ku ntandaro yo guhanga udushya nubufatanye. EFF yatanze umubare munini w'incamake ya amicus curiae muri uru rubanza, isobanura impamvu APIs zitagomba kurindwa n'uburenganzira, n'impamvu uko byagenda kose, kuzikoresha muburyo bwa Google ntabwo ari ukurenga. Nkuko twabisobanuye mbere, ibitekerezo byizi nkiko zombi zumuzunguruko ni impanuka zo guhanga software. Icyemezo cyayo cya mbere-API ifite uburenganzira bwo kurengera uburenganzira-bunyuranyije n’ibitekerezo by’izindi nkiko nyinshi ndetse n’ibiteganijwe kuva kera abahanga mu bya mudasobwa. Mubyukuri, ukuyemo API kurinda uburenganzira ni ngombwa mugutezimbere mudasobwa zigezweho na interineti. Noneho icyemezo cya kabiri cyatumye ibintu biba bibi. Igitekerezo cya mbere cy’umuzenguruko wa Leta byibuze cyemeje ko inteko y'abacamanza igomba guhitamo niba Google ikoresha Java API yari ikwiye, kandi mu byukuri inteko y'abacamanza yabikoze. Ariko, Oracle yongeye kujurira. Mu mwaka wa 2018, abacamanza batatu bo muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika banze icyemezo cy’abacamanza, bavuga ko Google itagize uruhare mu mategeko mu buryo bukwiye. Ku bw'amahirwe, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwemeye gusuzuma uru rubanza. Mu cyemezo cya 6-2, Umucamanza Breyer yasobanuye impamvu Google ikoresha Java API byemewe n'amategeko. Ubwa mbere, urukiko rwaganiriye ku mahame remezo y’ihame ryo gukoresha mu buryo buboneye, yandika ko gukoresha mu buryo buboneye “bituma urukiko rwirinda gukurikiza amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, kubera ko rimwe na rimwe bibuza guhanga amategeko agamije guhinga.” Byongeye kandi, urukiko rwagize ruti:
"Gukoresha neza" birashobora kugira uruhare runini muguhitamo amategeko yemewe yuburenganzira bwa porogaramu ya mudasobwa… Irashobora gutandukanya ikoranabuhanga. Irashobora gutandukanya ibintu byerekana kandi bikora biranga code ya mudasobwa, aho ibyo bintu bivanze. Irashobora kwibanda ku musaruro ibikoresho bikingiwe n’uburenganzira bitanga uburenganzira bwo gukenera ibikenewe byemewe n'amategeko, mu gihe harebwa urugero uburyo ubundi burinzi butera ibyangiritse bidafite ishingiro cyangwa bitemewe mu yandi masoko cyangwa mu iterambere ry’ibicuruzwa. ”
Mu kubikora, icyemezo cyashimangiye intego nyayo yuburenganzira: gushishikariza udushya no guhanga udushya. Iyo uburenganzira bunyuranye, gukoresha neza bitanga valve yumutekano. Umucamanza Breyer yahise yitabaza ibintu byemewe n'amategeko. Kubibazo bya software ikora, yabanje kuganira kumiterere yimirimo yuburenganzira. Java API ni "umukoresha wa interineti" yemerera abakoresha (hano, abategura porogaramu za Android) "kuyobora no kugenzura" porogaramu za mudasobwa zikora imirimo. Urukiko rwasanze kode imenyekanisha ya Java API itandukanye nubundi bwoko bwa kode ya mudasobwa ifite uburenganzira-ni "ihuriweho ntaho itandukaniye" kandi ifite imirimo itarinzwe nuburenganzira bwa muntu, nka sisitemu yimikorere ya mudasobwa nishyirahamwe ryayo hamwe na gahunda yihariye yo gukoresha y'amategeko (Java “uburyo bwo gutabaza”). Nkuko urukiko rwabigaragaje:
Bitandukanye nizindi gahunda nyinshi, agaciro kayo kaza cyane kubantu badafite uburenganzira, ni ukuvuga porogaramu za mudasobwa, bashora igihe n'imbaraga zabo kugirango bamenye agaciro ka sisitemu ya API. Bitandukanye nizindi gahunda nyinshi, agaciro kayo kari mubikorwa byayo byo gushishikariza abategura porogaramu kwiga no gukoresha sisitemu kugirango bazakoreshe (kandi bakomeze gukoresha) ishyirwa mubikorwa bijyanye nizuba Google itigeze yandukura.
Kubwibyo, kubera ko bivuzwe ko kode “iri kure yuburenganzira bwa muntu kuruta porogaramu nyinshi za mudasobwa (nka code yo gushyira mu bikorwa),” iki kintu gifasha gukoresha neza. Umucamanza Breyer yahise aganira ku ntego n'ibiranga imikoreshereze. Hano, igitekerezo gisobanura neza igihe ikoreshwa rya software ya mudasobwa “rihinduka”, rigakora ibintu bishya aho gusimbuza gusa ibyambere. Nubwo Google "mubyukuri" yandukuye igice cya Java API, Google yabikoze kugirango ikore ibicuruzwa byujuje intego nshya kandi biha abategura porogaramu "ibikoresho bihanga cyane kandi bishya" bigamije iterambere rya terefone. Iyi mikoreshereze "ijyanye no guhanga 'iterambere' nk'intego shingiro ry'itegeko nshinga ry'uburenganzira ubwabwo." Urukiko rwaganiriye ku “buryo butandukanye uburyo bwo kuvugurura interineti bushobora koroshya iterambere rya porogaramu za mudasobwa”, nko kwemerera porogaramu zitandukanye kuvugana hagati yabo no kwemerera abategura porogaramu Gukomeza gukoresha ubumenyi bahawe. Inteko y'abacamanza yumvise kandi ko gukoresha API ari ibintu bisanzwe mu nganda. Kubwibyo, igitekerezo cyanzuye ko "intego na kamere" yo kwandukura Google bihinduka, bityo rero ikintu cya mbere gifasha gukoresha neza. Ibikurikira, urukiko rwasuzumye ikintu cya gatatu cyo gukoresha neza, aribwo bwinshi nubutunzi bwigice cyakoreshejwe. Muri uru rubanza, mubyukuri, imirongo 11.500 ya kode yo gutangaza ikoreshwa na Google iri munsi ya 1% yumubare rusange wa porogaramu ya Java SE. Ndetse kode yo gutangaza ikoreshwa na Google ni ukwemerera abategura porogaramu gukoresha ubumenyi n'uburambe muri Java API kwandika porogaramu nshya kuri terefone ya Android. Kubera ko umubare wa kopi “ufitanye isano” nintego nziza kandi zihindura, ibintu “bifatika” bifasha gukoresha neza. Hanyuma, impamvu nyinshi zatumye umucamanza Breyer yanzura avuga ko ingaruka zamasoko yibintu bya kane zishyigikiye Google. Bidashingiye ku itangizwa rya Android ku isoko, izuba ntirishobora gukora telefone ifatika. Inkomoko iyo ari yo yose yo gutakaza izuba ni ibisubizo byabandi bantu (programmer) bashora imari mukwiga no gukoresha Java. Kubwibyo, "Urebye ishoramari rya porogaramu mu kwiga izuba Java API, kwemerera uburenganzira bwa Oracle gukorerwa hano byagira ingaruka zo kugirira nabi rubanda. Urebye ikiguzi ningorabahizi zo gukora ubundi buryo bwa API busa nkubwiza porogaramu, biremewe hano kubahiriza bizashyira kode yerekana imenyekanisha rya Sun Java API ifunga ibuza guhanga udushya muri gahunda nshya. ” Iyi "funga" ibangamira intego yibanze yuburenganzira. Urukiko rwanzuye ko “Google yongeye kuvugurura imikoreshereze y’abakoresha kandi yemera gusa ibikenewe kugira ngo abakoresha bakoresha impano zabo zegeranijwe muri porogaramu nshya kandi zihindura. Kopi ya Google ya Sun Java API yemewe n'amategeko kubikoresho. Koresha. ” Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwasize ikibazo cyo kumenya niba imikorere ya porogaramu ya mudasobwa ifite uburenganzira ku munsi umwe. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, twishimiye ko urukiko rwemera akamaro rusange ko gukoresha neza imanza za software hamwe ninyungu rusange zo kwemerera abategura porogaramu, abiteza imbere, n’abandi bakoresha gukomeza gukoresha ubumenyi bwabo bwa software hamwe nuburambe ku mbuga zikurikira.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-28-2021
