Izixhobo zevalvu yezixhobo zepleyiti yeesekethe zekhabhoni yentsimbi yezixhobo zemivumbo ekhethekileyo

Izixhobo zevalvu yezixhobo zepleyiti yeesekethe zekhabhoni yentsimbi yezixhobo zemivumbo ekhethekileyo

I-oyile yesiphaluka ipleyiti, i-valve eyodwa yokuhamba kunye ne-valve yesango (i-valve ye-piston) yeevalve ezininzi ziyinkimbinkimbi, ngoko iindawo zokuphosa zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Kuphela ezinye iivalve zecaliber okanye iivalve ezinemigangatho yokusebenza ekhethekileyo ezisebenzisa iintsimbi ezityhidiweyo. Intsimbi yekhabhoni ingasetyenziselwa izinto ezingadlekiyo, kwiimeko ezithile ezikhethekileyo ezifana noluhlu oluthile lobushushu, ubume bexabiso lokuxinana, ingasetyenziselwa ezinye izinto ezidlayo. Iqondo lobushushu elikhoyo -29~425℃..
I-oyile yesiphaluka ipleyiti, i-valve eyodwa yokuhamba kunye ne-valve yesango (i-valve ye-piston) yeevalve ezininzi ziyinkimbinkimbi, ngoko iindawo zokuphosa zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Kuphela ezinye iivalve zecaliber okanye iivalve ezinemigangatho yokusebenza ekhethekileyo ezisebenzisa iintsimbi ezityhidiweyo.
Intsimbi yekhabhoni ingasetyenziselwa izinto ezingadlekiyo, kwiimeko ezithile ezikhethekileyo ezifana noluhlu oluthile lobushushu, ubume bexabiso lokuxinana, ingasetyenziselwa ezinye izinto ezidlayo. 1. Umgangatho wokwenziwa kweengxenye ze-carbon cast steel ezisetyenziswe kwilizwe lethu yi-GB12229-89 "Umgangatho wezobugcisa we-Valve kunye ne-carbon steel Casting parts", kunye neemodeli eziphathekayo ziyi-WCA, i-WCB kunye ne-WCC. Lo mgangatho uqulunqwe ngokuhambelana nomgangatho we-ASTMA216-77 "Inkcazo eMiselweyo ye-carbon steel welded Castings kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu" loMbutho woMvavanyo wezinto zangaphandle. Umgangatho uguqulwe kabini ubuncinci, kodwa i-GB12229-89 yam isasebenza, kwaye inguqulelo entsha endiyibonayo kwinqanaba langoku yi-Astma216-2001. Ihluke kwi-Astma 216-77 (oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwi-GB12229-89) ngeendlela ezintathu.
A: Iimfuno ze-2001 zongeze imfuno ye-WCB yensimbi, oko kukuthi, kwi-0.01% yokunciphisa ixabiso lomda wekhabhoni enkulu kakhulu, ixabiso lomda we-magnesium likhulu kakhulu linganyuswa nge-0.04% de ixabiso eliphezulu li-1.28%.
B: I-sundries Cu ye-WCA, i-WCB kunye ne-WCC imodeli: i-0.50% kwi-77, ilungiswe kwi-0.30% ngo-2001; I-Cr: 0.40% kwi-77 kunye ne-0.50% ngo-2001; Mo: Yayiyi-0.25% ngo-'77 kunye ne-0.20% ngo-2001.
C: Intsalela element synthesis kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi okanye ilingane 1.0%. Ngo-2001, xa kukho umgangatho olinganayo wekhabhoni, eli gatya alifanelekanga, kwaye ubuninzi bekhabhoni obulingana nemodeli emithathu kufuneka ibe yi-0.5 kunye nefomula yokubala elinganayo yekhabhoni.
Iingxaki eziqhelekileyo: A: Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamacandelo okujula kufuneka ahlangabezane nemigangatho yokwakheka kweekhemikhali eziphilayo, iipropati zesakhiwo soomatshini nazo zifikelele kwimigangatho, kwaye ukusebenza. B: I-organic chemical composition echazwe kwikhowudi iseyona nto iphezulu. Ukuze ufumane ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-welding kwaye ufezekise iipropati ezifunekayo zesakhiwo, kuyimfuneko ukuseka imigangatho yolawulo lwangaphakathi lwamacandelo kwaye uqhube inkqubo yonyango echanekileyo yokushisa kwiindawo zokuphosa kunye neentonga zokuvavanya. Ngaphandle koko, ukuveliswa kweengxenye zokuphoswa akuhambelani neemfuno. Ngokomzekelo, umgangatho wekhabhoni yensimbi ye-WCB ≤0.3%, ukuba i-smelter out WCB steel content carbon ye-0.1% okanye ephantsi ukusuka ekubunjweni ukuze ibone ihambelana neemfuno, kodwa iipropati ze-mechanical mechanical azihlangabezani neemfuno. Ukuba umxholo wekhabhoni ulingana ne-0.3%, kodwa ukusebenza kwe-welding kubi, ulawulo lwekhabhoni lufanelekile kwi-0.25%. Ufuna ukuba "ukungena kunye nokuphuma," abanye abatyali-mali baya kubeka ngokucacileyo imimiselo yokulawula i-carbon.
C: Iindidi zobushushu ezinxulumene ne-carbon steel valves
(a) I-JB/ T5300-91 “IiMathiriyeli yeevalvu zeHlabathi” ifuna ukuba ubushushu obukhoyo beevalvu zentsimbi yekhabhoni bu-30℃ ukuya kwi-450℃.
(b) SH3064-94 "izixhobo zepetrochemical zentsimbi ukwamkelwa kwevalvu jikelele, uvavanyo kunye nokwamkelwa kobunjineli" iimfuno zevalvu yentsimbi yekhabhoni ekhoyo yobushushu obuyi-20℃ ukuya kuma-425℃ (ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo ezisezantsi zomda we -20℃ kukwenza ukudibanisa GB150 isitya soxinzelelo lwentsimbi)
(c) ANSIB16 · 34 "ivalve yeflange kunye ne-butt welding end" uxinzelelo lokusebenza - iqondo lobushushu elilinganiswe ngoku ixabiso langoku iimfuno zomgangatho WCB A105 (carbon steel) uluhlu lobushushu olukhoyo kubandakanywa -29 ℃ ukuya ku-425 ℃, ayikwazi ukusetyenziswa ngaphezu kwe-425 ℃ ixesha elide. ixesha. Intsimbi yekhabhoni eqinileyo ithande ukwenza igraphitize malunga ne 425℃. Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zevalvu yevalvu, ingxubevange yeNi-Cu, ingxubevange ye-Ni-Cr-Mo, ingxubevange ye-NI-Fe-Cr, intsimbi enezigaba ezibini, i-titanium kunye nezinye izinto ezahlukeneyo ezizodwa, ingxubevange ye-Ni-Cu malunga ne-70% N i kunye ne-30% Cu i-nickel copper alloy yaziwa ngokuba yiMonel (M onel) igama. Ukubunjwa kwe-alloy ye-M onel400 eqhelekileyo kuboniswe kwiThebhile 2. I-alloy ye-Monel isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-oxidizing organic solvents, ingakumbi i-hydrochloric acid, i-asidi eqinile kunye namanzi olwandle angamanzi anokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo. I-alloy ye-Monel nayo ifanelekile..
Imivumbo ekhethekileyo yezixhobo zevalvu
(1)N i-Cu ingxubevange
Ingxubevange yenickel-copper equlethe malunga ne-70%N i kunye ne-30%Cu kudala yaziwa ngokuba yi-M onel. Ukubunjwa kwe-alloy ye-M onel400 eqhelekileyo kuboniswe kwiThebhile 2. I-alloy ye-Monel isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-oxidizing organic solvents, ingakumbi i-hydrochloric acid, i-asidi eqinile kunye namanzi olwandle angamanzi anokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo. I-alloy ye-M onel ikwafanelekile kwigesi ye-hydrogen eyomileyo, igesi ye-hydrogen chloride, igesi ye-hydrogen chloride eqhubekayo (425 ℃) kunye negesi ye-hydrogen chloride eqhubekayo (450℃) kunye nezinye izinto.
I-Mone l iphantsi kwe-amphoteric oxides, i-fluoride, kunye neetyuwa ze-ammonia kwiindawo ezifumileyo, kwaye ngenxa yoko iyamelana nokuhlwa ekunciphiseni izisombululo. Ukongeza, uya kubangela i-intergranular corrosion xa inyibilika i-caustic soda. Ubushushu obufanelekileyo bokusebenza be-Mo2nel alloy bungaphantsi kwama-480℃.
(2)Ingxubevange yeNi-Cr-Mo
I-Nickel - i-alloy esekelwe kwi-molybdenum, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Hastelloy alloy. I-Hastelloy C-276 i-alloy ineepropati ezintle kakhulu ezibanzi, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukwenza i-oxidize izinto emoyeni kunye nokubuyisela okuphakathi kwimeko yendalo, ngoko isetyenziswe. I-C-276 i-alloy key emanzi yeklorini, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokunciphisa i-fluoride, isisombululo se-sodium cyanate, i-hydrochloric acid kunye netyuwa yokunciphisa, indawo yokushisa ephantsi kunye noxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric sulfuric acid inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu. I-C-276 ayinayo ukumelana nobushushu okwaneleyo. Emva kokusebenza kwexesha elide kwiqondo lobushushu le-650 ~ 1 090℃ (edlula i-10m ngaphakathi), iya kuthi ngempazamo ikhuphe isamente okanye iikhompawundi ze-intermetallic, ezikhokelela kuxinzelelo lwe-corrosion. Ukubunjwa kwe-alloy ye-C-276 kuboniswe kwiThebhile 3. I-Incone l625 ingxubevange ye-nickel-ferric martensitic variant alloy equlethe i-chromium engaphezulu (20W t% ~ 25W t%), i-molybdenum (8W t% ~ 10W t%), isinyithi ( 5W t%), kunye ne-niobium (315W t% ~ 415W t%) njengento eyongezelelweyo esisiseko. Ukubunjwa kuboniswe kwiThebhile 3. Ukongezwa kwe-niobium kwi-alloy ye-625 kuphucula ukuchasana nokushisa kwi-corrosion yoxinzelelo. Umxholo we-chromium uphezulu kunolo lwe-alloy ye-C-276, ephucula ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion ye-alloy kwizinto ezininzi ze-oxidizing, ezifana nokubilisa i-sodium cyanide. I-625 ingxubevange ene-molybdenum kunye ne-niobium njengezinto ezisisiseko zokuqinisa i-alloy yokuqina kwekristale, ubushushu besicelo ngokubanzi abukho ngaphezu kwe-650℃. Izinto ezikhethekileyo zokuvuthela kwiivalvu
(3)NI-Fe-Cr ingxubevange
I-Incoloy825 yi-nickel-iron-chromium i-fine-grain eqiniswe i-alloy kunye ne-molybdenum, ubhedu kunye ne-titanium. Ukubunjwa kuboniswe kwiThebhile 4. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuxinwa kwe-nickel kuninzi akukho ngaphantsi kwe-30%, kwaye ukuxinwa kwe-nickel-iron) akukho ngaphantsi kwe-65%, ngoko ke i-825 alloy ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi-nickel- ingxubevange yentsimbi. I-alloy 825 isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-oxidation resistant media etching. Ngenxa yokongezwa kwe-titanium kwizinto eziphathekayo, ukuthembeka kwayo kuphuculwe, kwaye ngenxa yesiqulatho sekhabhoni ephantsi, kunciphisa ukugqwala okubangelwa yi-cementite deposition kwindawo echaphazelekayo yokushisa kwi-welding kwindawo ye-corrosion yesiqalo esiqhelekileyo. Umxholo we-nickel we-alloy wanele ukuchasana noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking ye-martensite. Ubushushu besicelo se-825 ngokuqhelekileyo alikho ngaphezu kwe-550 ℃, kwaye i-650 ~ 760 ℃ luluhlu lobushushu obunzulu kakhulu bezinto eziphathekayo.
I-Inconel718 ialloy yi-Ni-ferro chromium eyandisiweyo esekwe egugileyo eqhubekayo. Yi-superalloy eqhubekayo ekomeleleni kwe-650 ℃ kwaye inokumelana nokudinwa kobushushu, ukuxhathisa i-oxidation, ukuxhathisa kwi-radiation, iipropati ezibandayo kunye nobushushu bonyango. Ngenye ye-superalloys enokushisa okuphezulu, kwaye ukubunjwa kwayo kuboniswe kwiThebhile 4. I-alloy kufuneka iphuhliswe phantsi kwesiseko sonyango oluqinileyo lwesisombululo, ngokongezwa kwe-classical A, l, Ti kunye ne-N b. Ukongeza ekomelezeni i-ionic crystal, ezi zinto ziphinda zidibanise ne-nickel ukuvelisa i-colattice ezinzileyo kunye ne-complex intermetallic compounds. Ngelo xesha, i-aluminium, ubhedu, i-boron elements kunye nekhabhoni zivelisa iindidi ze-cementite ukuphucula amandla okushisa e-alloy. Amandla e-alloy aphuma ikakhulu kwisigaba sokuqinisa γ "kunye nenani elincinci le-γ 'esasazwe kwi-substrate, enezakhiwo ezingcono ze-mechanical mechanical, ukuxhathisa ukubola kunye nokumelana nokunyuka kwi-650℃. Inqanaba eliphambili lokomeleza γ” kwi-alloy esetyenziswe ngaphezulu kwe-650℃ kulula ukugqithiswa kwaye iguqulelwe kwisigaba se-δ, esinokunciphisa okanye singasebenzi iipropati ze-alloy.
(4) intsimbi yamanqanaba amabini
Duplex steel stainless yenziwe martensite kunye metallography malunga 50% nganye, inkangeleko martensite kunciphisa brittle fracture kunye embrittlement alkali of high chromium ferrite steel, kwaye iphucula ductility duplex steel. I-microstructure yentsimbi ye-martensitic iphucula amandla esivuno, uxinzelelo lwe-corrosion resistance and intergranular corrosion resistance.
Intsimbi yamanqanaba amabini inokumelana okuqinileyo noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking kwi-fluoride kunye ne-sulfate, eye yaphumelela ngokufanelekileyo ingxaki engasebenziyo yensimbi ephantsi ye-alloy ebangelwa yi-corrosion yendawo. Ukubunjwa kwe-SA F2205 yensimbi ye-biphase kwimfuno enkulu kuboniswe kwiThebhile 5. Izinto eziphathekayo zinendawo yokushisa ye-ductility ye-475 ℃, kwaye ukushisa kwesicelo ngokuqhelekileyo akukho ngaphezu kwe-300℃. Iivalvu ezisetyenziswa kwiiklasi ezininzi zemathiriyeli ekhethekileyo zibhobhoza okwesihlanu
(5) I-Titanium
I-Titanium luhlobo lwezinto zetsimbi ezinokuthambekela okunamandla okudlulayo, okulula kakhulu ukubonakalisa nge-oksijini kunye nokwenza umaleko we-oxide phezu komhlaba. Kwimithombo yeendaba ezininzi ezonakalisayo, olu hlobo lomaleko we-oxide luzinzile kakhulu, kunzima ukunyibilika, nokuba lonakele, ukuba nje kukho ioksijini eyaneleyo, inokukhawuleza iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde ibuye. Ke ngoko, i-titanium inokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo ekunciphiseni nasekunciphiseni imidiya. Ukwakhiwa kwengxubevange yetitanium eveliswe kwimizi-mveliso TA 2 iboniswe kwiTheyibhile 6.
I-ASME imisele umda wobushushu osebenzayo wokwahluka kwealloyi zetitanium eziveliswe kushishino kunye nealloyi ephantsi yetitanium alloys kwi-316℃.
Ukwenza iimpawu
Indlela yokwenza imveliso ebandayo ye-bellows yi-press hydraulic press inikezela ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zineplastiki enhle, kwaye ukuqina okuqinileyo kunye namandla okuxinzelela kufumaneka ngale ndlela ilandelayo yokucubungula. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezininzi ezikhethekileyo azinazo iimpawu ezinjalo, ezizisa ubunzima bokuyila kunye nokuveliswa kweemvulo. Umzekelo, intsimbi enezigaba ezibini inamandla aphezulu okuqina (amandla okuqina / amandla acinezelayo), amandla amakhulu apholileyo abunjwe ngokubanda kunentsimbi engama-300 yentsimbi ephantsi, kunye nokuthambekela kokuqina koxinzelelo olukhulu kunentsimbi engama-300 yentsimbi ephantsi. Xa i-bellows i-diameter kunye ne-nominal diameter ratio idlula ixabiso elithile, i-bellows kufuneka yenziwe ngamaxesha amabini okwenza kunye nonyango lokuguga kabini. Ngokufanayo, amandla acinezelayo e-titanium awasondelanga kangako njengamandla e-tensile, kwaye imilo itshintsha kakubi xa kusenziwa imivumbo. Kwangaxeshanye, umlinganiselo phakathi komda wamandla we-titanium kunye ne-elastic die mkhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukomelela kwe-titanium yenze ngamandla. Kunzima ukuxela kwangaphambili kunye nokulinganisa amandla okuphinda abuyele kwi-bellows eyenziwe yale nto, kwaye kunzima ukuhlangabezana neskimu sokuqala soyilo ngokwendlela yotyando lweplastiki. Ngenxa yoko, kukho izinto ezizodwa ezinokusetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-bellows kodwa azifumani ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Abathengi ekusebenziseni i-bellows, kufuneka banike ingqwalasela epheleleyo kwi-valve medium corrosion performance, ubushushu, uxinzelelo lokusebenza, ngokusemandleni ukukhetha ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinto.
Iimpawu ze-welding ze-welding zombane
I-billet ye-tube yentsimbi engenamthungo okanye i-longitudinal weld yombhobho we-corrugated press hydraulic press yenziwe ngezinto zombhobho odityanisiweyo. Amandla okuqina kunye nobude be-butt weld ifana kakhulu naleyo yezinto zokuqala. Imivumbo yokuwelda yombane yenziwa ngokuwelda ipleyiti yevalve ye-annular ecinezelweyo ebandayo ngaphakathi kwemiphetho yayo yangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ivalve ngemvunge kumacala omabini kufuneka jikelele kufuneka kusetyenziswe iintlobo ngeentlobo iifom ujongano kunye flange okanye amacandelo isihlalo ezifana ukuwelda, iindawo ezinjalo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha izinto imvubelo ayifani. Ke ngoko, izixhobo zevalve ye-valve ngokwayo kufuneka zibe nokusebenza ngcono kwe-welding yombane, kwaye isihlalo sevalve kunye nezinye iindawo kufuneka zibe ne-welding ethambileyo. Kwaye iinxalenye ze-welding kufuneka zibe kude kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukukhetha izinto ezifanayo kunye ne-bellows okanye ukusebenza ngokusondeleyo, ukubola okulungileyo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo.