Mavavu zipangizo mafuta dera mbale zipangizo mpweya zitsulo valavu zipangizo mavuvu apadera

Mavavu zipangizo mafuta dera mbale zipangizo mpweya zitsulo valavu zipangizo mavuvu apadera

Mafuta ozungulira mbale, valavu imodzi yothamanga ndi valavu yachipata (pistoni valve) ya ma valve ambiri ndi ovuta kwambiri, kotero zigawo zoponyera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Ndi ma valve kapena ma valve omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera ogwirira ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zachitsulo. Chitsulo cha carbon chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zopanda dzimbiri, m'mikhalidwe ina yapadera, monga kutentha kwamtundu wina, chilengedwe chamtengo wapatali, chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zina zowononga. Likupezeka kutentha -29 ~ 425 ℃..
Mafuta ozungulira mbale, valavu imodzi yothamanga ndi valavu yachipata (pistoni valve) ya ma valve ambiri ndi ovuta kwambiri, kotero zigawo zoponyera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Ndi ma valve kapena ma valve omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera ogwirira ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zachitsulo.
Chitsulo cha carbon chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zopanda dzimbiri, m'mikhalidwe ina yapadera, monga kutentha kwamtundu wina, chilengedwe chamtengo wapatali, chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zina zowononga. 1. Muyezo wophatikizira magawo azitsulo za carbon cast omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko lathu ndi GB12229-89 "Technical standard for versatility Valve ndi carbon steel Casting parts", ndipo zitsanzo zakuthupi ndi WCA, WCB ndi WCC. Muyezowu umapangidwa motsatira muyezo wa ASTMA216-77 "Standard Specification for welded carbon steel Castings for high temperatures" wa Foreign Materials Experimental Association. Muyezo wasinthidwa kawiri, koma GB12229-89 yanga ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito, ndipo mtundu watsopano womwe ndikuwona pakali pano ndi Astma216-2001. Zimasiyana ndi Astma 216-77 (ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku GB12229-89) m'njira zitatu.
A: Zofunikira za 2001 zinawonjezera zofunikira pazitsulo za WCB, ndiko kuti, pakuchepetsa 0.01% pamtengo waukulu kwambiri wa carbon, mtengo waukulu kwambiri wa magnesium ukhoza kuwonjezeka ndi 0,04% mpaka mtengo wapamwamba ndi 1.28%.
B: The sundries Cu ya WCA, WCB ndi WCC zitsanzo: 0.50% mu 77, kusintha kwa 0.30% mu 2001; Cr: 0.40% mu 77 ndi 0.50% mu 2001; Mo: Inali 0.25% mu '77 ndi 0.20% mu 2001.
C: Kuphatikizika kwazinthu zotsalira kuyenera kukhala kochepa kapena kofanana ndi 1.0%. Mu 2001, pakakhala mulingo wofanana ndi mpweya, ndime iyi siyenera, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mpweya wofanana ndi mitundu itatuyi kumafunika kukhala 0.5 ndi formula yake yowerengera yofanana ndi mpweya.
Mavuto wamba: A: Kukwaniritsa zofunikira za zigawo zoponyera ziyenera kukumana ndi miyezo ya organic mankhwala, zida zamakina zimafikanso pamiyezo, ndipo *** kukwaniritsa zofunikira, makamaka kusintha kwazinthu zotsalira, apo ayi kuvulaza kuwotcherera. ntchito. B: Kapangidwe kake ka organic komwe kamatchulidwa mu code akadali kokwanira. Kuti mupeze ntchito yabwino yowotcherera ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zamakina zamakina, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa miyezo yowongolera mkati mwa zigawo ndikuchita njira yoyenera yochitira kutentha kwa magawo oponya ndi ndodo zoyesa. Kupanda kutero, kupanga magawo oponyedwa sikukwaniritsa zofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, WCB zitsulo mpweya zili muyezo ≤0.3%, ngati smelter kunja WCB zitsulo mpweya zili 0.1% kapena kutsika kuchokera zikuchokera kuona zikugwirizana ndi zofunika, koma structural mawotchi katundu sakwaniritsa zofunika. Ngati mpweya wa carbon uli wofanana ndi 0.3%, koma kuwotcherera ndi koipa, mphamvu ya carbon yomwe ili yoyenera ndi 0.25%. Mukufuna kukhala "kulowa ndi kutuluka," osunga ndalama ena amaika patsogolo malamulo oyendetsera mpweya.
C: Magawo a kutentha okhudzana ndi mavavu achitsulo cha kaboni
(a) JB/ T5300-91 “Zinthu za mavavu a Universal” zimafuna kuti kutentha komwe kulipo kwa mavavu a carbon steel ndi -30℃ mpaka 450℃.
(b) SH3064-94 "petrochemical zida zitsulo universal valavu kutengera, kuyezetsa ndi kuvomereza engineering" zofunika za carbon zitsulo vavu kupezeka kutentha kwa -20 ℃ mpaka 425 ℃ (kugwiritsa ntchito otsika malire makonzedwe -20 ℃ ndi kuti kugwirizana ndi GB150 chitsulo kuthamanga chombo)
(c) ANSIB16 · 34 "flange ndi matako kuwotcherera mapeto valavu" ntchito kuthamanga - kutentha oveteredwa mtengo panopa zofunika muyezo WCB A105 (mpweya zitsulo) zilipo kutentha osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo -29 ℃ kuti 425 ℃, sangathe ntchito pamwamba 425 ℃ kwa nthawi yaitali nthawi. Chitsulo cholimba cha kaboni chimakhala ndi graphitize pafupifupi 425 ℃. Zida zapadera za valves Bellows, Ni-Cu alloy, Ni-Cr-Mo alloy, NI-Fe-Cr alloy, zitsulo ziwiri, titaniyamu ndi zipangizo zina zosiyana, Ni-Cu alloy pafupifupi 70% N i ndi 30% Cu nickel copper alloy amadziwika kuti Monel (M onel) dzina. Zomwe zimapangidwira kwambiri M onel400 aloyi zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 2. Monel alloy amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu oxidizing oxidizing organic solvents, makamaka hydrochloric acid, asidi amphamvu ndi madzi amadzi am'nyanja amakhalanso ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri. Monel alloy ndiyoyeneranso ..
Mavuvu apadera a zida za valve
(1) N i-Cu aloyi
Nickel-copper alloy yomwe ili ndi pafupifupi 70% N i ndi 30% Cu idadziwika kale kuti M onel. Zomwe zimapangidwira kwambiri M onel400 aloyi zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 2. Monel alloy amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu oxidizing oxidizing organic solvents, makamaka hydrochloric acid, asidi amphamvu ndi madzi amadzi am'nyanja amakhalanso ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri. M onel alloy ndi oyeneranso mpweya wouma wa haidrojeni, mpweya wa hydrogen chloride, mpweya wopitilira kutentha wa hydrogen (425 ℃) komanso mpweya wopitilira kutentha wa hydrogen chloride (450 ℃) ndi zinthu zina.
Mone L imakhudzidwa ndi ma amphoteric oxides, fluoride, ndi ammonia salt m'malo achinyezi, motero imalimbana ndi dzimbiri pochepetsa njira. Komanso, iye adzachititsa dzimbiri intergranular pamene kusungunuka caustic koloko. Kutentha koyenera kogwira ntchito kwa aloyi ya Mo2nel ndi pansi pa 480 ℃.
(2) Ni-Cr-Mo aloyi
Nickel - aloyi yochokera ku molybdenum, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Hastelloy alloy. Hastelloy C-276 aloyi ali ndi katundu kwambiri mabuku, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito oxidize zinthu mu mpweya ndi kubwezeretsa sing'anga chilengedwe chilengedwe, choncho ntchito. C-276 alloy key wonyowa klorini, zosiyanasiyana kuchepetsa fluoride, sodium cyanate njira, asidi hydrochloric ndi kuchepetsa mchere, otsika kutentha chilengedwe ndi mumlengalenga kuthamanga sulfuric acid ndi zabwino kwambiri dzimbiri kukana. C-276 ilibe kukana kutentha kokwanira. Pambuyo pa kutha kwa nthawi yayitali mu kutentha kwa 650 ~ 1 090 ℃ (kupitirira 10m mkati), molakwika imatsitsa simenti kapena ma intermetallic compounds, zomwe zimayambitsa kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri. Mapangidwe a C-276 alloy akuwonetsedwa mu Table 3. Incone l625 alloy ndi nickel-ferric martensitic variant alloy yomwe ili ndi chromium yambiri (20W t% ~ 25W t%), molybdenum (8W t% ~ 10W t%), chitsulo ( 5W t%), ndi niobium (315W t% ~ 415W t%) monga chinthu chofunikira chowonjezera. Zomwe zimapangidwira zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 3. Kuphatikizika kwa niobium ku 625 alloy kumathandizira kukana kutentha kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri. Ma chromium ndi apamwamba kuposa a aloyi a C-276, omwe amathandizira kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa aloyi muzinthu zambiri za okosijeni, monga kuwira kwa sodium cyanide. 625 aloyi ndi molybdenum ndi niobium monga mfundo zolimbikitsira zabwino galasi kuumitsa aloyi, kutentha ntchito zambiri zosaposa 650 ℃. Zapadera mvuvu zinthu mavavu
(3) NI-Fe-Cr aloyi
Incoloy825 ndi nickel-iron-chromium fine-grain reinforced alloy ndi molybdenum, mkuwa ndi titaniyamu. Zomwe zimapangidwira zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 4. Kawirikawiri, kuchuluka kwa nickel sikuchepera 30%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa (nickel-iron) sikuchepera 65%, kotero 825 alloy nthawi zina amatchedwa nickel- iron base alloy. Aloyi 825 imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga ma oxidation resistant media etching. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezera kwa titaniyamu muzinthuzo, kudalirika kwake kumakula bwino, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mpweya, kumachepetsa dzimbiri zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kuyika kwa simenti m'dera lomwe likukhudzidwa ndi kutentha komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi kutentha komwe kumayambira. Nickel zomwe zili mu alloy ndizokwanira kukana kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri kwa martensite. Kutentha kwa ntchito kwa 825 nthawi zambiri sikupitirira 550 ℃, ndipo 650 ~ 760 ℃ ndizovuta kwambiri zolimbikitsa kutentha kwazinthu.
Inconel718 alloy ndi ukalamba wolimbikitsidwa ndi Ni-ferro chromium yochokera kusinthidwa kopitilira muyeso. Ndi superalloy mosalekeza pa mphamvu ya 650 ℃ ndipo ali wabwino kutentha kukana kutopa, kukana makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kukana poizoniyu, kuzizira ndi kutentha mankhwala katundu. Ndi imodzi mwa ma superalloys omwe ali ndi kutentha kwakukulu, ndipo mawonekedwe ake akuwonetsedwa mu Table 4. Alloy iyenera kupangidwa pansi pa maziko a chithandizo cholimba cha mankhwala, malinga ndi kuwonjezera kwachikale kwambiri A, l, Ti ndi N b. Kuphatikiza pa kulimbikitsa kristalo wa ionic, zinthuzi zimaphatikizanso ndi faifi tambala kuti apange ma colattice okhazikika komanso ovuta a intermetallic. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, aluminiyamu, mkuwa, zinthu za boron ndi carbon zimapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya simenti kuti ipititse patsogolo mphamvu yotentha ya alloy. Mphamvu ya aloyi makamaka zimachokera ku kulimbikitsa gawo γ "ndi pang'ono γ 'kugawidwa mu gawo lapansi, amene ali bwino structural katundu, kukana dzimbiri ndi kukwawa zokwawa pa 650 ℃. Gawo lalikulu lolimbitsa γ” mu aloyi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa 650 ℃ ndiyosavuta kusinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala gawo la δ, lomwe lingachepetse kapena kusagwira ntchito za aloyi.
(4) zitsulo ziwiri
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex chimapangidwa ndi martensite ndi metallography pafupifupi 50% iliyonse, mawonekedwe a martensite amachepetsa kuthyoka kwa brittle ndi alkali embrittlement ya chitsulo chachikulu cha chromium ferrite, ndikuwongolera ductility ya chitsulo cha duplex. Ma microstructure achitsulo cha martensitic amathandizira kulimba kwa zokolola, kukana kwa dzimbiri kupsinjika komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa intergranular.
Chitsulo cha magawo awiri chimakhala ndi kukana kwambiri kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri kung'ambika mu fluoride ndi sulphate, zomwe zathana bwino ndi vuto losagwira ntchito lachitsulo chochepa cha alloy chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha dzimbiri. Kupangidwa kwa SA F2205 biphase zitsulo pakufunika kwakukulu kukuwonetsedwa mu Table 5. Zomwe zili ndi ductility zone kutentha kwa 475 ℃, ndipo kutentha kwa ntchito nthawi zambiri sikuposa 300 ℃. Mavavu ntchito angapo makalasi a zipangizo zapadera mvukuto wachisanu
(5) Titaniyamu
Titaniyamu ndi mtundu wazitsulo zachitsulo zomwe zimakhala ndi chizolowezi champhamvu cha passivation, chomwe ndi chosavuta kuwonetsera ndi mpweya ndikupanga wosanjikiza wa oxide pamwamba. M'ma TV ambiri owononga, mtundu uwu wa oxide wosanjikiza umakhala wokhazikika, wovuta kusungunuka, ngakhale utawonongeka, bola ngati pali mpweya wokwanira, ukhoza kuchira wokha. Chifukwa chake, titaniyamu ili ndi kukana kwambiri kwa dzimbiri pochepetsa komanso kusokoneza media. Kapangidwe ka aloyi a titaniyamu opangidwa m'mafakitale TA 2 akuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 6. Mavavu amagwiritsa ntchito mavuvu azinthu zingapo zapadera.
ASME yakhazikitsa malire a kutentha kwa magwiridwe antchito amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya titaniyamu opangidwa ndi mafakitale ndi ma aloyi a titaniyamu otsika pa 316 ℃.
Kupanga makhalidwe
Njira yozizira yopangira ma bellows ndi makina osindikizira a hydraulic imapereka kuti zinthuzo zimakhala ndi pulasitiki yabwino, ndipo kulimba kwamphamvu ndi mphamvu zopondereza zimapezedwa ndi njira yotsatirayi. Komabe, zida zambiri zapadera zilibe mikhalidwe yotere, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta pakupanga ndi kupanga mvuto. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo cha magawo awiri chimakhala ndi mphamvu zamakokedwe (mphamvu zamakokedwe / mphamvu zopondereza), kulimba kozizira kozizira kwambiri kuposa zitsulo 300 zazitsulo zotsika, komanso kuuma kolimba kwambiri kuposa zitsulo 300 zotsika. Pamene mvumvu m'mimba mwake ndi mwadzina m'mimba mwake chiŵerengero kuposa mtengo wina, mvukuto ayenera kupangidwa ndi kawiri kupanga ndi kawiri ukalamba mankhwala. Momwemonso, mphamvu yopondereza ya titaniyamu siili pafupi kwambiri ndi mphamvu yamphamvu, ndipo mawonekedwe amasintha bwino pamene mavuvu apangidwa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chiŵerengero chapakati pa mphamvu ya titaniyamu ndi kufa zotanuka ndi zazikulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti titaniyamu ikhale yolimba. Zimakhala zovuta kulosera ndikuyesa mphamvu yobwereranso ya mavuvu opangidwa ndi nkhaniyi, komanso zimakhala zovuta kukwaniritsa dongosolo loyambirira lopanga molingana ndi njira ya opaleshoni ya pulasitiki. Zotsatira zake, pali zida zapadera zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mvuto koma osapeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala. Makasitomala pa ntchito mvuvu ayenera kuganizira mozama valavu sing'anga dzimbiri ntchito, kutentha, kuthamanga ntchito, mmene ndingathere kusankha ntchito bwino zinthu.
Kuwotcherera makhalidwe a kuwotcherera magetsi
The seamless steel chubu billet kapena longitudinal weld wa malata chitoliro cha hydraulic press amapangidwa ndi welded chitoliro. Kulimba kwamphamvu komanso kutalika kwa weld wa butt ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi zida zoyambirira. Mawotchi amagetsi amapangidwa ndi kuwotcherera mbale ya valve ya annular yozizira mkati ndi kunja kwake. Vavu ndi mvuvu mbali zonse za ambiri ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana mawonekedwe mawonekedwe ndi flange kapena zigawo zikuluzikulu mpando monga kuwotcherera, mbali zimenezi ndipo nthawi zina mvukuto zinthu sizili chimodzimodzi. Choncho, mavuvu a valve okhawo ayenera kukhala ndi ntchito yabwino yowotcherera magetsi, ndipo mpando wa valve ndi mbali zina ziyenera kukhala ndi zowotcherera. Ndipo mvumvu kuwotcherera mbali ayenera kukhala kutali ngati nkotheka kusankha zinthu zomwezo ndi mvukuto kapena ntchito pafupi, malleability wabwino wa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana.