ʻO nā lako kiwi no ka ʻaila kaapuni paʻa mea lako carbon steel valve no nā bellow kūikawā

ʻO nā lako kiwi no ka ʻaila kaapuni paʻa mea lako carbon steel valve no nā bellow kūikawā

ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka pā kaapuni aila, ka valve kahe hoʻokahi a me ka valve puka (piston valve) o ka hapa nui o nā kiwi, no laila hoʻohana mau ʻia nā ʻāpana hoʻolei. Hoʻohana wale ʻia nā ʻāpana caliber a i ʻole nā ​​pahu me nā kūlana kūlana hana kūʻokoʻa. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kalapona no nā mea ʻino ʻole, i loko o kekahi mau kūlana kūikawā e like me ke ʻano o ka mahana, ka ʻona waiwai ʻona, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no kekahi mau mea corrosive. Loaʻa ka mahana -29~425 ℃..
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka pā kaapuni aila, ka valve kahe hoʻokahi a me ka valve puka (piston valve) o ka hapa nui o nā kiwi, no laila hoʻohana mau ʻia nā ʻāpana hoʻolei. Hoʻohana wale ʻia nā ʻāpana caliber a i ʻole nā ​​pahu me nā kūlana kūlana hana kūʻokoʻa.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kalapona no nā mea ʻino ʻole, i loko o kekahi mau kūlana kūikawā e like me ke ʻano o ka mahana, ka ʻona waiwai ʻona, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no kekahi mau mea corrosive. 1. ʻO ke kūlana hoʻokō no nā ʻāpana kalapona kalapona i hoʻohana ʻia ma ko mākou ʻāina ʻo GB12229-89 "Technical standard for versatility Valve and carbon steel Casting parts", a ʻo nā kumu hoʻohālike he WCA, WCB a me WCC. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia maʻamau e like me ka ASTMA216-77 "Standard Specification for welded carbon steel Castings no ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe" o ka Hui Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka maʻamau ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻelua, akā ke hoʻohana mau nei kaʻu GB12229-89, a ʻo ka mana hou aʻu i ʻike ai i kēia manawa ʻo Astma216-2001. He ʻokoʻa ia mai ka Astma 216-77 (ʻo ia hoʻi, mai GB12229-89) ma ʻekolu mau ala.
A: ʻO nā koi 2001 i hoʻohui i kahi koi no ke kila WCB, ʻo ia hoʻi, no kēlā me kēia 0.01% ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka waiwai palena kalapona nui loa, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka waiwai palena magnesium nui loa e 0.04% a hiki i ka nui o ka waiwai he 1.28%.
B: ʻO nā kumu Cu o WCA, WCB a me WCC: 0.50% i 77, hoʻololi ʻia i 0.30% i 2001; Cr: 0.40% ma 77 a me 0.50% ma 2001; Mo: He 0.25% i '77 a me 0.20% i ka makahiki 2001.
C: Pono e emi a like paha me 1.0% ke koena element synthesis. I ka makahiki 2001, i ka wā e loaʻa ai kahi maʻamau like kalapona, ʻaʻole kūpono kēia māhele, a ʻo ka nui o ke kalapona like ʻana o nā kumu hoʻohālike ʻekolu e koi ʻia he 0.5 a me kāna kumu hoʻohālikelike kalapona.
ʻO nā pilikia maʻamau: A: E hoʻokō i nā koi o nā ʻāpana hoʻolei e pono e hoʻokō i nā kūlana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kemika organik, nā waiwai mechanical structural i hiki i nā kūlana, a me *** e hoʻokō i nā koi, ʻoi aku ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke koena, inā ʻaʻole e hōʻeha i ka welding. hoʻokō. B: ʻO ka hui kemika organik i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ke code ʻo ia ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa. I mea e loaʻa ai ka hana wili maikaʻi a hoʻokō i nā waiwai mechanical structural pono, pono e hoʻokumu i nā kūlana mana kūloko o nā ʻāpana a hoʻokō i ke kaʻina hana wela kūpono no nā ʻāpana hoʻolei a me nā lāʻau hoʻāʻo. A i ʻole, ʻaʻole kūpono ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana hoʻolei i nā koi. No ka laʻana, WCB kila kalapona maʻamau maʻamau ≤0.3%, ina ka smelter mai WCB kila kalapona maʻiʻo o 0.1% a i lalo mai ka haku mele 'ana e ike i ka laina me na koi, akā, i ka structural mechanical waiwai ole e hoʻokō i nā koi. Inā like ka ʻike kalapona me 0.3%, akā maikaʻi ʻole ka hana kuʻi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kūpono o ka mana kalapona i ka 0.25%. Makemake ʻoe e lilo i "komo a puka i waho," e hoʻopuka pono kekahi mau mea hoʻopukapuka i nā hoʻoponopono kalapona.
C: Nā ʻāpana wela e pili ana i nā kiwi kila kalapona
(a) JB/ T5300-91 "Nā mea no nā kīpē Universal" pono e loaʻa ka mahana o nā pahu kila carbon -30 ℃ a 450 ℃.
(b) SH3064-94 "ʻoihana petrochemical steel universal valve adoption, ho'āʻo a me ka ʻae ʻana i ka ʻenekinia" koi o ka pahu kila kalapona i loaʻa ka mahana o -20 ℃ a 425 ℃ (ʻo ka noi ʻana o nā palena haʻahaʻa no -20 ℃ i mea e hui pū ai me GB150 ipu hao hao)
(c) ANSIB16·34 "flange and butt welding end valve" kaomi hana - helu ʻia ka mahana i kēia manawa nā koina maʻamau WCB A105 (carbon steel) loaʻa ka pae wela me -29 ℃ a 425 ℃, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma luna o 425 ℃ no ka lōʻihi. manawa. Hiki i ke kila kalapona paʻa ke kiʻi ma kahi o 425 ℃. ʻO nā mea pahu pahu kūikawā Bellows, Ni-Cu alloy, Ni-Cr-Mo alloy, NI-Fe-Cr alloy, ʻelua ʻāpana kila, titanium a me nā mea ʻokoʻa like ʻole, Ni-Cu alloy e pili ana i 70% N i a me 30% Cu nickel copper alloy ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka inoa ʻo Monel (M onel). Hōʻike ʻia ka hui ʻana o ka huila M onel400 maʻamau i ka Papa 2. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka huila Monel i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe oxidizing organic nāwaliwali, ʻoi aku ka waika hydrochloric, ka waikawa ikaika a me ka wai kai wai hoʻi he maikaʻi loa ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion. He kūpono hoʻi ka monel alloy no ..
ʻO nā bellow kūikawā no nā mea valve
(1) N i-Cu huila
Ua ʻike lōʻihi ʻia ʻo M onel kahi huila nickel-copper i loaʻa ma kahi o 70%N i a me 30%Cu. Hōʻike ʻia ka hui ʻana o ka huila M onel400 maʻamau i ka Papa 2. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka huila Monel i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe oxidizing organic nāwaliwali, ʻoi aku ka waika hydrochloric, ka waikawa ikaika a me ka wai kai wai hoʻi he maikaʻi loa ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion. He kūpono hoʻi ka huila M onel no ke kinoea hydrogen maloʻo, ke kinoea hydrogen chloride, ke kinoea hydrogen kiʻekiʻe mau (425 ℃) a me ke kinoea hydrogen chloride wela mau (450 ℃) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Mone l i nā amphoteric oxides, fluoride, a me nā paʻakai ammonia i loko o nā wahi haʻahaʻa, a no laila ke kūpaʻa nei i ka corrosion i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā hopena. Eia kekahi, e hana ʻo ia i ka corrosion intergranular i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka soda caustic. ʻO ka mahana hana kūpono o Mo2nel alloy aia ma lalo o 480 ℃.
(2) Ni-Cr-Mo huila
ʻO ke kinikini i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka molybdenum, i ʻike ʻia ʻo Hastelloy alloy. Loaʻa i ka Hastelloy C-276 alloy nā waiwai piha maikaʻi loa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e oxidize i nā mea i loko o ka ea a hoʻihoʻi i ka waena ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, no laila hoʻohana ʻia. C-276 alloy kī pulu chlorine, he ʻano o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa fluoride, sodium cyanate solution, hydrochloric acid a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka paʻakai, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka lewa sulfuric acid he maikaʻi loa ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. ʻAʻole lawa ka pale wela o C-276. Ma hope o ka lōʻihi manawa timability i loko o ke ana wela o 650 ~ 1 090 ℃ (ʻoi aku ma mua o 10m in), ia e kuhihewa precipitate cementates a intermetallic pūhui, alakai i stress corrosion. Hōʻike ʻia ka hui ʻana o C-276 alloy ma ka Papa 3. ʻO ka hui ʻo Incone l625 he nickel-ferric martensitic variant alloy i loaʻa i ka chromium (20W t% ~ 25W t%), molybdenum (8W t% ~ 10W t%), hao ( 5W t%), a me ka niobium (315W t% ~ 415W t%) e like me ka mea hoʻohui kumu. Hōʻike ʻia ka haku mele ma ka Papa 3. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka niobium i ka 625 alloy e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale wela i ka corrosion stress. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium ma mua o ka C-276 alloy, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o ka alloy i nā mea oxidizing he nui, e like me ka paila sodium cyanide. 625 alloy me ka molybdenum a me ka niobium ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻoikaika ikaika o ka alloy hardening crystal, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka noi ma mua o 650 ℃. Mea hoʻoheheʻe kūikawā no nā kiwi
(3) NI-Fe-Cr huila
ʻO Incoloy825 kahi huila nickel-iron-chromium fine-grain i hoʻoikaika ʻia me ka molybdenum, keleawe a me ka titanium. Hōʻike ʻia ka haku mele ma ka Papa 4. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻaʻole i emi iho ka nui o ka nickel ma mua o 30%, a ʻo ka nui o ka (nickel-hao) ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 65%, no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo 825 alloy i kekahi manawa he nickel- hao kumu hao. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Alloy 825 no ka etching media oxidation. Ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka titanium i ka mea, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kona hilinaʻi, a ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka carbon content, e hōʻemi ana ia i ka corrosion i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka cementite deposition i ka welding wela i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka corrosion environment o ka hoʻomaka maʻamau. Ua lawa ka maʻiʻo nickel o ka huila e pale aku i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pohā o ka martensite. ʻO ka mahana noi o 825 maʻamau ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 550 ℃, a ʻo 650 ~ 760 ℃ kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka wela o nā mea.
ʻO Inconel718 alloy kahi Ni-ferro chromium i hoʻololi ʻia i hoʻololi ʻia. He superalloy mau loa ia ma ka ikaika o 650 ℃ a loaʻa iā ia ka luhi pale wela maikaʻi, ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation, ka pale ʻana i ka radiation, ke anuanu a me nā waiwai mālama wela. ʻO ia kekahi o nā superalloys me ka wela kiʻekiʻe, a ua hōʻike ʻia kona haku ʻana ma ka Papa 4. Pono e hoʻomohala ʻia ka huila ma lalo o ka manaʻo o ka lāʻau hoʻonā paʻa, e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana o A, l, Ti a me N b. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka kristal ionic, hoʻohui pū kēia mau mea me ka nickel e hana i nā colattice stable a me nā pūhui intermetallic paʻakikī. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka aluminika, ke keleawe, nā mea boron a me ke kalapona e hana i nā ʻano cementites e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ikaika wela o ka alloy. Loaʻa ka ikaika o ka alloy mai ka pae hoʻoikaika γ "a me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka γ 'i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ka substrate, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical, corrosion resistance and creep resistance ma 650 ℃. ʻO ka pae hoʻoikaika nui γ" i loko o ka alloy i hoʻohana ʻia ma luna o 650 ℃ maʻalahi ke hoʻololi ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia i ka pae δ, hiki ke hōʻemi a i ʻole ka maikaʻi ʻole o nā waiwai alloy.
(4) ʻelua ʻāpana kila
Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kila kila Duplex me ka martensite a me ka metallography ma kahi o 50% kēlā me kēia, ʻo ke ʻano o ka martensite e hōʻemi i ka haki ʻana a me ka embrittlement alkali o ke kila chromium ferrite kiʻekiʻe, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ductility o ke kila duplex. ʻO ka microstructure o ke kila martensitic e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ke kūpaʻa corrosion koʻikoʻi a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion intergranular.
He kūpaʻa ikaika ke kila ʻelua i ke koʻikoʻi i ka haki ʻana o ka corrosion i ka fluoride a me ka sulfate, ka mea i lanakila maikaʻi i ka pilikia kūpono ʻole o ke kila kila haʻahaʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka corrosion kūloko. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o SA F2205 biphase kila i ka noi nui ma ka Papa 5. Aia ka mea i kahi ductility wela o 475 ℃, a ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka noi ma mua o 300 ℃. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻūhā i nā papa o nā mea kūikawā i ka lima
(5) Titanium
ʻO ka Titanium kahi ʻano mea metala me ka manaʻo passivation ikaika, he mea maʻalahi loa ia e noʻonoʻo me ka oxygen a hana i kahi papa oxide ma ka ʻili. I loko o ka nui o nā media corrosive, ʻano paʻa loa kēia ʻano o ka papa oxide, paʻakikī ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻoiai inā ʻeha, ʻoiai ka lawa o ka oxygen, hiki iā ia ke hoʻōla koke iā ia iho. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka titanium i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i ka hōʻemi ʻana a me ka neutralizing media. Hōʻike ʻia ka haku mele ʻana o ka titanium alloy TA 2 ma ka Papa 6. Hoʻohana ʻia nā pahu i nā bellow o nā mea kūikawā.
Ua hoʻonoho ʻo ASME i ka palena wela o ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana titanium i hana ʻia e ka ʻoihana a me nā alloy titanium haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma 316 ℃.
Hoʻokumu i nā ʻano
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana anu ʻana o ka bellows e ka hydraulic press e hāʻawi i ka mea i loaʻa i ka plasticity maikaʻi, a loaʻa ka paʻakikī ikaika a me ka ikaika compressive e ke kaʻina hana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā mea ʻokoʻa nā ʻano like ʻole, e lawe mai i kekahi mau pilikia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o nā bellows. No ka laʻana, ʻelua ʻāpana kila ka ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe (ikaika tensile/ikaika compressive), ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka springback i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke anu ma mua o 300 series haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka 300 series haʻahaʻa kila. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ke anawaena o ka bellow a me ka ratio nominal nominal i kekahi waiwai, pono e hana ʻia ka bellows e ʻelua mau manawa a me ʻelua mau manawa o ka mālama ʻana. Pēlā nō, ʻaʻole kokoke loa ka ikaika compressive o ka titanium e like me ka ikaika tensile, a loli maikaʻi ke ʻano i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā bellows. I ka manawa like, nui ka ratio ma waena o ka palena ikaika o ka titanium a me ka elastic die, kahi e hoʻoikaika ai i ka ikaika o ka titanium. He mea paʻakikī ke wānana a ana i ka ikaika rebound o nā bellows i hana ʻia i kēia mea, a he paʻakikī hoʻi e hoʻokō i ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā mua e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻoki plastik. ʻO ka hopena, aia kekahi mau mea kūʻokoʻa i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka bellow akā ʻaʻole ʻike i ka hoʻohana ākea. Nā mea kūʻai mai i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka bellows, e haawi piha noonoo i ka valve medium corrosion hana, mahana, hana puʻe, e like me ka hiki ke koho i ka maikai hana o ka mea.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona wili o ka uila uila
Hana ʻia ka paipu paipu hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka paipu hoʻoheheʻe hydraulic i hana ʻia me nā mea paipu welded. ʻO ka ikaika tensile a me ka elongation o ka weld butt e like loa me ka mea mua. Hana ʻia nā bellow wili uila ma ke kuʻi ʻana i ka pā aniani annular i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o loko a me waho. Pono e hoʻohana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka flange a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana noho e like me ke kuʻi ʻana, ʻo ia mau ʻāpana a i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole like nā mea bellows. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana hoʻoheheʻe uila i nā mea o ka valve bellows, a ʻo ka noho valve a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe e loaʻa i ka malleable welding. A me ka bellows kuʻihao 'āpana pono e like loa me ka hiki ke koho i ka ia mea me ka bellows hana kokoke, maikai malleability o okoa mea.