Bawul kayan for mai kewaye farantin karfe carbon karfe bawul kayan ga musamman bellows

Bawul kayan for mai kewaye farantin karfe carbon karfe bawul kayan ga musamman bellows

Farantin kewaya mai, bawul ɗin kwarara guda ɗaya da bawul ɗin ƙofar (bawul ɗin piston) na yawancin bawuloli sun fi rikitarwa, don haka ana amfani da sassan simintin gabaɗaya. Wasu caliber bawul ko bawul ɗin da ke da ƙa'idodin yanayin aiki na musamman suna amfani da sassa na simintin ƙarfe. Ana iya amfani da ƙarfe na carbon don abubuwan da ba su lalacewa ba, a wasu yanayi na musamman kamar a cikin takamaiman yanayin zafin jiki, yanayin ƙima, ana iya amfani da shi don wasu abubuwa masu lalata. Akwai zafin jiki -29 ~ 425 ℃ ..
Farantin kewaya mai, bawul ɗin kwarara guda ɗaya da bawul ɗin ƙofar (bawul ɗin piston) na yawancin bawuloli sun fi rikitarwa, don haka ana amfani da sassan simintin gabaɗaya. Wasu caliber bawul ko bawul ɗin da ke da ƙa'idodin yanayin aiki na musamman suna amfani da sassa na simintin ƙarfe.
Ana iya amfani da ƙarfe na carbon don abubuwan da ba su lalacewa ba, a wasu yanayi na musamman kamar a cikin takamaiman yanayin zafin jiki, yanayin ƙima, ana iya amfani da shi don wasu abubuwa masu lalata. 1. The kisa misali ga carbon simintin karfe sassa amfani a kasar mu ne GB12229-89 "Technical misali for versatility Valve da carbon karfe Casting sassa", da kuma kayan model ne WCA, WCB da WCC. An ƙirƙira wannan ma'auni daidai da daidaitaccen ASTMA216-77 "Standard Specification for welded carbon steel Castings for high zafin jiki" na Ƙungiyoyin Gwaje-gwaje na Ƙasashen waje. An canza ma'auni aƙalla sau biyu, amma GB12229-89 na har yanzu ana amfani da shi, kuma sabon sigar da nake gani a matakin yanzu shine Astma216-2001. Ya bambanta da Asma 216-77 (wato daga GB12229-89) ta hanyoyi uku.
A: Abubuwan buƙatun 2001 sun ƙara da buƙatun don ƙarfe na WCB, wato, ga kowane raguwar 0.01% a cikin babban ƙimar iyakar carbon, babban ƙimar iyakar magnesium na iya ƙarawa da 0.04% har sai matsakaicin ƙimar shine 1.28%.
B: Sundries Cu na nau'ikan WCA, WCB da WCC: 0.50% a cikin 77, an daidaita su zuwa 0.30% a cikin 2001; Cr: 0.40% a cikin 77 da 0.50% a cikin 2001; Mo: Ya kasance 0.25% a cikin '77 da 0.20% a cikin 2001.
C: Haɗin abubuwan da suka rage ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da ko daidai da 1.0%. A cikin 2001, lokacin da akwai ma'auni daidai da carbon, wannan juzu'in bai dace ba, kuma ana buƙatar iyakar carbon daidai da nau'ikan guda uku ya zama 0.5 da tsarin lissafin carbon daidai.
Matsalolin gama gari: A: Haɗu da buƙatun sassa na simintin gyare-gyare dole ne su dace da ka'idodin tsarin sinadarai na halitta, kayan aikin injiniya kuma sun dace da ƙa'idodi, da *** don biyan buƙatun, musamman ma gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, in ba haka ba cutar da walda. yi. B: Tsarin sinadarai na halitta da aka ƙayyade a cikin lambar har yanzu shine matsakaicin. Don samun kyakkyawan aikin walda da kuma cimma abubuwan da ake buƙata na kayan aikin injiniya, dole ne a kafa ƙa'idodin kulawa na ciki na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da aiwatar da daidaitaccen tsarin kula da zafi don sassan simintin gyare-gyare da sandunan gwaji. In ba haka ba, samar da sassan simintin gyare-gyare ba su cika buƙatun ba. Misali, WCB karfe carbon abun ciki misali ≤0.3%, idan smelter fitar da WCB karfe carbon abun ciki na 0.1% ko žasa daga abun da ke ciki don ganin shi ne a cikin layi tare da bukatun, amma tsarin inji Properties ba su hadu da bukatun. Idan abun ciki na carbon yana daidai da 0.3%, amma aikin walda ba shi da kyau, sarrafa abun cikin carbon ya fi dacewa da 0.25%. Ana son zama "shigarwa da fita," wasu masu zuba jari za su gabatar da ƙa'idodin sarrafa carbon a fili.
C: nau'ikan zafin jiki da suka shafi bawul ɗin ƙarfe na carbon
(a) JB / T5300-91 "Materials for Universal bawuloli" na bukatar cewa samuwa zazzabi na carbon karfe bawuloli ne -30 ℃ zuwa 450 ℃.
(b) SH3064-94 "petrochemical kayan aiki karfe duniya bawul tallafi, gwaji da kuma aikin injiniya yarda" bukatun na carbon karfe bawul samuwa zafin jiki na -20 ℃ zuwa 425 ℃ ( aikace-aikace na low iyaka tanadi ga -20 ℃ ne domin a hade tare da GB150 karfe matsa lamba jirgin ruwa)
(c) ANSIB16 · 34 "flange da butt waldi karshen bawul" aiki matsa lamba - zafin jiki rated halin yanzu darajar daidaitattun bukatun WCB A105 (carbon karfe) samuwa zazzabi kewayon ciki har da -29 ℃ zuwa 425 ℃, ba za a iya amfani da sama 425 ℃ na dogon lokaci. lokaci. M carbon karfe o ƙarin tabbatar da graphitize a game da 425 ℃. Musamman bellows bawul kayan Bellows, Ni-Cu gami, Ni-Cr-Mo gami, NI-Fe-Cr gami, biyu-lokaci karfe, titanium da sauran daban-daban na musamman kayan, Ni-Cu gami game da 70% N i da 30% Cu Nickel jan ƙarfe an san shi da sunan Monel (M ONE). A abun da ke ciki na mafi hankula M oneel400 gami da aka nuna a cikin Table 2. Monel gami da aka yafi amfani a cikin rauni oxidizing Organic kaushi, musamman hydrochloric acid, karfi acid da ruwa ruwan teku kuma yana da kyau kwarai lalata juriya. Monel alloy kuma ya dace da ..
Ƙaƙwalwa na musamman don kayan bawul
(1) N i-Cu alloy
Garin nickel-Copper mai ɗauke da kusan 70% N i da 30%Cu an daɗe da sanin shi da M nel. A abun da ke ciki na mafi hankula M oneel400 gami da aka nuna a cikin Table 2. Monel gami da aka yafi amfani a cikin rauni oxidizing Organic kaushi, musamman hydrochloric acid, karfi acid da ruwa ruwan teku kuma yana da kyau kwarai lalata juriya. M onel gami kuma dace da busasshiyar iskar hydrogen, iskar hydrogen chloride, iskar hydrogen mai ci gaba da zafin jiki (425 ℃) da ci gaba da iskar gas mai zafi mai zafi hydrogen chloride gas (450 ℃) da sauran kayan.
Mone l yana ƙarƙashin amphoteric oxides, fluoride, da gishiri ammonia a cikin mahalli mai ɗanɗano, don haka yana da juriya ga lalata wajen rage mafita. Bugu da kari, zai haifar da lalata intergranular lokacin narkewa caustic soda. A dace aiki zafin jiki na Mo2nel gami ne kasa 480 ℃.
(2)Ni-Cr-Mo alloy
Nickel tushen gami mai ɗauke da molybdenum, wanda kuma aka sani da Hastelloy gami. Hastelloy C-276 alloy yana da kyawawan kaddarorin da suka dace, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don oxidize abubuwa a cikin iska da mayar da matsakaici a cikin yanayin yanayi, don haka ana amfani dashi. C-276 alloy key jika chlorine, iri-iri na rage fluoride, sodium cyanate bayani, hydrochloric acid da rage gishiri, low zafin jiki yanayi da na yanayi matsa lamba sulfuric acid da kyau lalata juriya. C-276 ba shi da isasshen juriya na zafi. Bayan lokaci mai tsawo a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na 650 ~ 1 090 ℃ (wanda ya wuce 10m a ciki), zai yi kuskure ya haifar da siminti ko mahaɗan intermetallic, wanda zai haifar da lalatawar damuwa. An nuna abun da ke ciki na C-276 alloy a cikin Table 3. Incone l625 alloy shine nau'in nau'i na nickel-ferric martensitic wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarin chromium (20W t% ~ 25W t%), molybdenum (8W t% ~ 10W t%), baƙin ƙarfe ( 5W t%), da niobium (315W t% ~ 415W t%) a matsayin ainihin abin ƙarawa. An nuna abun da ke ciki a cikin Table 3. Ƙarin niobium zuwa 625 alloy yana inganta yanayin zafi don lalata damuwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin chromium ya fi na C-276 alloy, wanda ke inganta juriya na lalata gabobin a cikin abubuwa masu yawa na oxidizing, irin su tafasasshen sodium cyanide. 625 gami da molybdenum da niobium a matsayin tushen ƙarfafa abubuwa na lafiya crystal hardening gami, aikace-aikace zafin jiki ne kullum ba fiye da 650 ℃. Abubuwan bellow na musamman don bawuloli
(3) NI-Fe-Cr gami
Incoloy825 shine nickel-iron-chromium fine-hatsi ƙarfafa gami da molybdenum, jan karfe da titanium. An nuna abun da ke ciki a cikin Table 4. Gabaɗaya, yawan ƙwayar nickel ba kasa da 30% ba, kuma yawan taro na (nickel-iron) ba kasa da 65% ba, don haka 825 alloy wani lokaci ana kiransa nickel- baƙin ƙarfe tushe gami. Alloy 825 ne yafi amfani da hadawan abu da iskar shaka resistant kafofin watsa labarai etching. Saboda ƙari na titanium a cikin kayan, an inganta amincinsa, kuma saboda ƙananan ƙarancin carbon, yana rage lalata da aka yi ta hanyar siminti a cikin yankin da ya shafa zafi a cikin yanayin lalata na farawa na al'ada. Abubuwan da ke cikin nickel na gami sun isa don tsayayya da lalata lalatawar martensite. A aikace-aikace zafin jiki na 825 ne kullum ba fiye da 550 ℃, da kuma 650 ~ 760 ℃ ne mai matukar tsanani hankali zafin jiki kewayon kayan.
Inconel718 alloy shine haɓakar Ni-ferro chromium tushen ingantaccen superalloy mai ci gaba. Yana da wani m superalloy a ƙarfin 650 ℃ kuma yana da kyau zafi juriya gajiya, hadawan abu da iskar shaka juriya, radiation juriya, sanyi da zafi magani Properties. Yana daya daga cikin superalloys tare da babban zafin jiki, kuma an nuna abun da ke ciki a cikin Table 4. Ya kamata a samar da kayan haɗin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin jigon maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin rigakafi. Baya ga ƙarfafa kristal na ionic, waɗannan abubuwan kuma suna haɗawa da nickel don samar da kwanciyar hankali da kuma hadaddun mahadi na tsaka-tsaki. A lokaci guda kuma, aluminum, jan karfe, boron da carbon suna samar da nau'in siminti iri-iri don inganta yanayin zafi na gami. Ƙarfin gami ya samo asali ne daga lokacin ƙarfafawa γ "da ƙaramin adadin γ" da aka rarraba a cikin substrate, wanda yana da mafi kyawun kayan aikin injiniya, juriya na lalata da juriya mai rarrafe a 650 ℃. Babban lokacin ƙarfafawa γ" a cikin gami da aka yi amfani da shi sama da 650 ℃ yana da sauƙin wucewa kuma a canza shi zuwa lokaci na δ, wanda zai iya rage ko rashin tasiri ga abubuwan gami.
(4) Karfe mai kashi biyu
Duplex bakin karfe ne hada da martensite da metallography na game da 50% kowane, bayyanar martensite rage gaggautsa karaya da alkali embrittlement na high chromium ferrite karfe, da kuma inganta ductility na duplex karfe. Microstructure na martensitic karfe inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa ƙarfi, danniya lalata juriya da intergranular lalata juriya.
Ƙarfe mai nau'i biyu yana da ƙarfin juriya ga lalatawar damuwa a cikin fluoride da sulfate, wanda ya shawo kan matsalar rashin tasiri na ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfe wanda ya haifar da lalata gida. A abun da ke ciki na SA F2205 biphase karfe a babban bukatar da aka nuna a cikin Table 5. The abu yana da wani ductility zazzabi yankin na 475 ℃, da aikace-aikace zafin jiki ne kullum ba fiye da 300 ℃. Valves da aka yi amfani da su a cikin azuzuwan da yawa na kayan musamman bellows na biyar
(5) Titanium
Titanium wani nau'i ne na kayan ƙarfe tare da ƙaƙƙarfan hali mai ƙarfi, wanda yake da sauƙin yin tunani tare da oxygen kuma ya samar da Layer oxide a saman. A yawancin kafofin watsa labaru masu lalata, irin wannan nau'in oxide yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, yana da wuyar narkewa, koda kuwa ya lalace, muddin akwai isasshen iskar oxygen, zai iya dawo da kansa da sauri. Saboda haka, titanium yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata a ragewa da kuma kawar da kafofin watsa labarai. Abubuwan da aka samar na titanium gami da masana'antu TA 2 an nuna su a cikin Tebur 6. Valves suna amfani da bellows na abubuwa na musamman da yawa.
ASME ta saita iyakar zafin aiki na bambance-bambancen masana'antu da aka samar da titanium gami da ƙananan gami da titanium a 316 ℃.
Samar da halaye
Hanyar samar da sanyi na bellows ta hanyar latsawa na hydraulic yana ba da cewa kayan yana da filastik mai kyau, kuma ana samun ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin matsawa ta hanyar sarrafawa mai zuwa. Duk da haka, da yawa na musamman kayan ba su da irin wannan halaye, wanda ya kawo wasu matsaloli ga zane da kuma samar da bellows. Misali, karfe na kashi biyu yana da karfin juriya (ƙarfin ƙarfi / ƙarfin matsawa), ƙarfin da aka kirkira mai sanyi mai ƙarfi fiye da 300 ƙananan ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, kuma mafi tsananin ƙarfin ƙarfi fiye da 300 jerin ƙarancin gami da ƙarfe. Lokacin da diamita na bellow da na ƙima na ƙima ya wuce ƙayyadaddun ƙima, ƙwanƙwaran ya kamata a kafa ta sau biyu ana yin maganin tsufa sau biyu. Hakazalika, ƙarfin matsi na titanium baya kusa da ƙarfin ƙarfi, kuma siffar tana canzawa mara kyau lokacin da aka samar da bellows. A lokaci guda, rabo tsakanin ƙarfin ƙarfin titanium da mutuƙar na roba yana da girma, wanda ke sa ƙarfin ƙarfin titanium ya zama mai ƙarfi. Yana da wuya a iya tsinkaya da auna ƙarfin sake dawowa na bellows da aka yi da wannan kayan, kuma yana da wuyar saduwa da tsarin ƙirar farko bisa ga hanyar aikin filastik. A sakamakon haka, akwai wasu abubuwa na musamman waɗanda za a iya amfani da su wajen samar da bellow amma ba a sami amfani da yawa ba. Abokan ciniki a cikin yin amfani da bellows, ya kamata su ba da cikakken la'akari da aikin bawul na matsakaici na lalata, zafin jiki, matsa lamba na aiki, kamar yadda zai yiwu don zaɓar mafi kyawun kayan aiki.
Halayen walda na walda na lantarki
Bututun bututu maras sumul ko walda mai tsayi na tarkacen bututun injin mai ruwa da ruwa an yi shi da kayan bututun welded. Ƙarfin ƙwanƙwasa da tsawo na butt weld suna kama da na ainihin kayan. Ana yin katakon walda na lantarki ta hanyar walda farantin bawul mai sanyi mai matsewa tare da gefuna na ciki da waje. Valve tare da bellows a ɓangarorin gabaɗaya na buƙatun gabaɗaya don amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan mu'amala da flange ko abubuwan wurin zama kamar walda, irin waɗannan sassa kuma wani lokacin kayan bellow ba iri ɗaya bane. Saboda haka, abu na bawul bellows kanta ya kamata ya sami mafi ingancin waldi na lantarki, da bawul wurin zama da sauran sassa ya kamata da malleable waldi. Kuma sassan waldi na bellows ya kamata su kasance kamar yadda zai yiwu don zaɓar abu iri ɗaya tare da bellows ko aiki kusa, malleability na kayan daban-daban.