I-valve yesango izinto zokusetshenziswa I-Valve body materials I-Carbon steel esangweni valvu izinto zokusetshenziswa Insimbi annealing
Ingasetshenziselwa izinto ezingagqwali, kwezinye izimo ezikhethekile njengakwibanga elithile lokushisa, imvelo yenani lokugxilisa ingqondo, ingasetshenziswa kwezinye izinto ezonakalisayo. Izinga lokushisa elitholakalayo -29~425℃. Umzimba we-valve, i-valve yokugeleza okukodwa kanye ne-valve yesango (i-piston valve) kubukeka kuyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwezingxenye zokuphonsa. Amavalvu athile kuphela noma amavalvu esango anezindinganiso ezihlukile zesimo sokusebenza asebenzisa izingxenye zensimbi ecijile.
Iningi lomzimba we-valve, i-valve yokugeleza eyodwa kanye ne-valve yesango (i-piston valve) ibonakala iyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwezingxenye zokuphonsa. Amavalvu athile kuphela noma amavalvu esango anezindinganiso ezihlukile zesimo sokusebenza asebenzisa izingxenye zensimbi ecijile.
Insimbi ye-carbon
Ingasetshenziselwa izinto ezingagqwali, kwezinye izimo ezikhethekile njengakwibanga elithile lokushisa, imvelo yenani lokugxilisa ingqondo, ingasetshenziswa kwezinye izinto ezonakalisayo. Izinga lokushisa elitholakalayo -29~425℃
Izingxenye zensimbi ye-Carbon cast
Njengamanje, indinganiso yokuqaliswa esetshenziswa ezweni lethu yi-GB12229 — 89 “I-valve ejwayelekile, i-carbon steel casting Technical Conditions”, uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo yi-WCA, WCB, WCC. Izinga lihambisana nezinga lenhlangano yokuhlola impahla yangaphandle i-ASTMA216-77 “izinga lokushisa eliphakeme le-fusible carbon steel Castings standard standards”. Izinga lishintshiwe okungenani kabili, kodwa i-GB12229-89 yami isasetshenziswa, futhi inguqulo entsha engiyibonayo kulesi sigaba yi-Astma216-2001. Ihluke ku-Astma 216-77 (okungukuthi, kusuka ku-GB12229-89) ngezindlela ezintathu.
A: Izidingo zango-2001 zengeze imfuneko yensimbi ye-WCB, okungukuthi, kukho konke ukuncishiswa okungu-0.01% kwenani elikhulu kakhulu lomkhawulo wekhabhoni, inani elikhulu kakhulu lomkhawulo we-magnesium linganyuswa ngo-0.04% kuze kube yilapho inani eliphakeme lingu-1.28%.
B: I-sundries Cu ye-WCA, i-WCB ne-WCC models: 0.50% ku-77, ilungiswe ku-0.30% ngo-2001; I-Cr: 0.40% ku-77 kanye ne-0.50% ngo-2001; Mo: Kwakungu-0.25% ngo-'77 kanye no-0.20% ngo-2001.
C: Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezisele kufanele kube ngaphansi noma kulingane no-1.0%. Ngo-2001, uma kunendinganiso elingana nekhabhoni, lesi sigatshana asifaneleki, futhi inani eliphezulu lekhabhoni elilingana namamodeli amathathu liyadingeka ukuthi libe ngu-0.5 kanye nefomula yalo yokubala elilingana nekhabhoni.
Q&A
IMPENDULO: Izingxenye zokulingisa ezifanelekayo kufanele zifaneleke ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali emvelo, izakhiwo zemishini yesakhiwo, futhi zihlangabezane nezidingo, ikakhulukazi ukukhohlisa kwesici sensalela, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzolimaza ukusebenza kokushisela.
B: Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emvelo okubalulwe kukhodi kusewumkhawulo. Ukuze uthole ukusebenza okuhle kwe-welding futhi uzuze izakhiwo ezidingekayo zemishini yesakhiwo, kuyadingeka ukusungula izindinganiso zokulawula zangaphakathi zezingxenye futhi wenze inqubo yokwelapha yokushisa efanele yezingxenye zokuphonsa kanye nezinduku zokuhlola. Uma kungenjalo, ukukhiqizwa nokukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zokuphonsa ezingafanelekile. Isibonelo, indinganiso yokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yensimbi ye-WCB engu-≤0.3%, uma isincibilikisi esikhipha ikhabhoni yensimbi ye-WCB engu-0.1% noma engaphansi kusukela ekubunjweni ukuze sibonwe sifaneleka, kodwa izakhiwo zesakhiwo azihlangabezani nezimfuneko. Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni uma kulingana no-0.3% nakho okufanelekile kodwa izakhiwo zokushisela
Ukulawulwa kabi kwekhabhoni kuya ku-0.25% kufanelekile kakhulu. Ufuna ukuba "ukungena nokuphuma," abanye abatshalizimali bazobeka ngokucacile imithetho yokulawula i-carbon.
C: Izigaba zokushisa eziphathelene namavalvu ensimbi ye-carbon
(a) JB/T5300 — 91 “Izisetshenziswa zamavalvu ezinto zonke” ze-carbon steel valve izinga lokushisa elitholakalayo lika -30℃ ukuya ku-450℃.
(b) SH3064-94 “i-petrochemical steel general valve choice, ukuhlolwa nokwamukelwa” izidingo ze-carbon steel valve izinga lokushisa elitholakalayo lika -20 ℃ kuya ku-425 ℃ (ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlinzeko zomkhawulo ophansi we -20 ℃ kwenzelwa ukuhlanganisa ne-GB150 steel umkhumbi we-pressure)
(c) ANSI 16·34 “i-valve yokuphela kwe-flange ne-butt welding” ingcindezi yokusebenza – izinga lokushisa likalwe inani lamanje izidingo ezijwayelekile ezijwayelekile WCB A105 (carbon steel) izinga lokushisa elitholakalayo elihlanganisa -29℃ kuya ku-425℃, ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngaphezu kuka-425℃ isikhathi eside. Solid carbon steel ijwayele ukwenza i-graphitize cishe ku-425 ℃.
Ivalvu yesango impahla eluhlaza yensimbi ehlanganisa ukuhlanganisa okuphelele (i-recrystallization annealing) : insimbi yokushisisa kancane ukuya ku-Ac3 (insimbi ye-hypoeutectoid) ngaphezu kuka-30~50℃, ukuze kuqinisekiswe isikhathi esimaphakathi, bese kuphuma isiqandisi kancane. Ukuze uthole insimbi evamile, ngokusho kwenqubo yokushisa ye-ferrite ibe yi-martensite (i-back change recrystallization) kanye nenqubo yesiqandisi ngaphezu koshintsho lwesibili lwe-recrystallization, i-crystal emihle, ungqimba oluqinile, isakhiwo esifanayo se-ferrite. I-annealing yensimbi empunga: insimbi ifudunyezwa kumazinga okushisa angama-30 ~ 50℃ ngaphezu kwe-Ac1, bese ipholiswa kancane kancane.
I-1) Incazelo: Ukushisa izingxenye kuya ku-30 ~ 50 ℃ ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elibalulekile, ukushisa ukushisa isikhathi esithile, bese kuba nesiqandisi somlilo. (Izinga lokushisa elibucayi: izinga lokushisa lapho isakhiwo sangaphakathi sensimbi sishintsha)
I-2) Izinjongo: (1) Yehlisa amandla futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kokugaya;
(2) Hlunga okusanhlamvu, uthuthukise ukwakheka nokusabalalisa usimende ngensimbi, futhi ubeke isisekelo senqubo yokugcina yokwelapha ukushisa;
(3) Susa ukucindezeleka okushisayo, susa ukucindezeleka okushisayo okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kokukhiqizwa kokuguqulwa komumo, ukucubungula ukugaya noma ukuthungatha ugesi kanye nokucindezeleka okushisayo okusele ezingxenyeni zokuphonsa, ukunciphisa ukuguqulwa nokugwema ukuqhekeka okomile;
(4) i-spherification kasimende ukunciphisa amandla;
⑤ Thuthukisa futhi uqedele zonke izinhlobo zokushiyeka kwenhlangano ezakhiwe ngokwenziwa kwensimbi, ukubala kanye nokusebenza kokushisela, ukugwema ukubangela amabala amhlophe amancane.
I-4) Uhlobo: Ekukhiqizeni, inqubo ye-annealing isetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngokomphumela wokukhipha ucezu lokusebenzela lomkhiqizo awufani, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamazinga enqubo yokuhushula, ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ukuthungatha okuphelele, ukuhushula insimbi okumpunga, noma ukuhushula ingcindezi emhlabathini.
(1) Complete annealing (recrystallization annealing) : insimbi yokushisisa kancane ukuya ku-Ac3 (insimbi ye-hypoeutectoid) ngaphezu kuka-30~50℃, ukuze kuqinisekiswe isikhathi esimaphakathi, bese kuphuma isiqandisi kancane. Ukuze uthole insimbi evamile, ngokusho kwenqubo yokushisa ye-ferrite ibe yi-martensite (i-back change recrystallization) kanye nenqubo yesiqandisi ngaphezu koshintsho lwesibili lwe-recrystallization, i-crystal emihle, ungqimba oluqinile, isakhiwo esifanayo se-ferrite.
② I-annealing yensimbi empunga: insimbi ifudunyezwa kumazinga okushisa angama-30 ~ 50℃ ngaphezu kwe-Ac1, bese ipholiswa kancane kancane. Isakhiwo se-ferrite siba yi-spheroidal kanye ne-granular, futhi insimbi ye-carbon ephansi nephakathi nalolu hlobo lwesakhiwo inamandla aphansi, ikhono eliqinile lokubhoboza kanye nekhono eliqinile lokugoba elibandayo. Ngensimbi ye-alloy, lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo luyisakhiwo esingcono sokuqala ngaphambi kokwelashwa kokushisa. (I-shaft yesampula i-CrWMn, i-shaft ye-guide Tenon GCr15)
I-annealing ephelele kanye ne-isothermal annealing
Complete annealing — ukufudumeza ku-Ac3 20~30℃, ukwahlukanisa ukushisa ngemva kwesithando somlilo esibandayo — kubhekisela ekushiseni ukuze kuqedelwe i-austenization.
Inhloso: Ngokusho kokusanhlamvu okuhle kwe-recrystallization, ukwakheka okulinganayo, thuthukisa ukusebenza
Isicelo: insimbi ye-hypoeutectoid, insimbi ye-carbon ephansi: ukunciphisa amandla, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokumba. Inhlangano: FP
I-Isothermal process annealing - ukushisa ku-Ac3 (Ac1) 20~50℃,
Ukufakwa kwe-thermal kulandelwa ukupholisa komoya ngemva kwenqubo elandelayo ye-isothermal ku-Ar1: ngokufakwa okuphelele ukuze ulawuleke kalula.
Isicelo: medium and ferritic insimbi engagqwali
Inhlangano: FP noma Fe3C P
Grey cast iron annealing nokusabalalisa annealing
Insimbi empunga efakwe emanzini - ishisiswe ibe yi-Ac1 20~30
Inhloso: Ukuthola i-Fe3C eyindilinga, ithambile
Isicelo: eutectoid, eutectoid steel
Izicubu: eyindilinga P
Sabalalisa i-annealing - ukushisa kuya kumadigri angu-100-200 ngaphansi komugqa oqinile, ukufakwa kwe-thermal yesikhathi eside (10-15h) ngemva kokupholisa kancane
Inhloso: ukwakheka kwe-symmetrical
Ifanele: insimbi engagqwali castings
I-Microstructure: Okusanhlamvu okumahhadla - ngemva kokusabalala kuhoxisa ukuhushula noma ukucisha - ukwenza kahle
Ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka nomsebenzi wokuqinisa annealing
I-De-stress annealing - ukushisa ku-Ac1-100 ~ 200 ℃, ukwahlukanisa ukushisa ngemva kokubanda kwesithando somlilo
Inhloso: Ukususa ukucindezeleka okushisayo nokusimamisa inhlangano
Isicelo: izingxenye zokudweba ezibandayo, izingxenye zokwelashwa kokushisa
Inhlangano: Ngeke kushintshe
Umsebenzi wokuqinisa i-annealing - ukushisa ku-t bese kuba ngu-150 ~ 250 ℃, ukufaka ukushisa ngemva kokupholisa komoya
Inhloso: Ukunciphisa amandla nokuthuthukisa ipulasitiki
Isicelo: umsebenzi wokuqinisa umkhiqizo womsebenzi
Isakhiwo: okusanhlamvu okulinganayo
Izinga lokushisa eliqinisayo emsebenzini: T re =T iyancibilika × 0.4 (izinga lokushisa)
ukucisha
Normalizing - ukufudumeza ku-Ac3 (Accm) 30 ~ 50 ℃, ukwahlukanisa ukushisa ngemva kokupholisa umoya
Inhloso: Hlunga okusanhlamvu, thuthukisa ukusebenza
Isicelo: insimbi ephezulu ye-carbon steel HB↑ → Thuthukisa izakhiwo zokusika ze-carbon (ingxubevange ye-aluminium) inhlangano yensimbi yokucwenga okusanhlamvu (ukwelashwa kokushisa, ukwelashwa kokushisa ngaphambili) insimbi ye-hypereutectoid → isakhiwo se-mesh esicacile Fe3CⅡ, sibeka isisekelo sokwelashwa kwe-spheroidization yezingxenye ezinezidingo eziphansi → ukusebenza kwemishini engumshini inqubo yokugcina yokwelapha ukushisa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-11-2023
