Chipata valavu zopangira Vavu thupi zipangizo Mpweya zitsulo pachipata vavu zopangira zitsulo annealing

Chipata valavu zopangira Vavu thupi zipangizo Mpweya zitsulo pachipata vavu zopangira zitsulo annealing

Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zopanda dzimbiri, m'mikhalidwe ina yapadera monga kutentha kosiyanasiyana, chilengedwe chamtengo wapatali, chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zowononga. Likupezeka kutentha -29 ~ 425 ℃. Thupi la valavu, valavu imodzi yothamanga ndi valavu yachipata (pistoni valavu) imawoneka yovuta kwambiri, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito mbali zonse zoponyera. Mavavu ena a caliber kapena ma valve a zipata okhala ndi mikhalidwe yapadera yogwirira ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito zida zachitsulo.
Thupi la valve yambiri, valavu imodzi yothamanga ndi valavu yachipata (pistoni valve) imawoneka yovuta kwambiri, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito mbali zonse zoponyera. Mavavu ena a caliber kapena ma valve a zipata okhala ndi mikhalidwe yapadera yogwirira ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito zida zachitsulo.
Chitsulo cha carbon
Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zopanda dzimbiri, m'mikhalidwe ina yapadera monga kutentha kosiyanasiyana, chilengedwe chamtengo wapatali, chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zowononga. Likupezeka kutentha -29 ~ 425 ℃
Zigawo zazitsulo za carbon
Pakalipano, muyeso wogwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko lathu ndi GB12229 - 89 "General valve, carbon steel casting Technical Conditions", mtundu wa zinthu ndi WCA, WCB, WCC. Muyezowu ukugwirizana ndi muyezo wa ASTMA216-77 woyesa zinthu zakunja "kutentha kwambiri kwa fusible carbon steel Castings standard". Muyezo wasinthidwa kawiri, koma GB12229-89 yanga ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito, ndipo mtundu watsopano womwe ndikuwona pakali pano ndi Astma216-2001. Zimasiyana ndi Astma 216-77 (ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku GB12229-89) m'njira zitatu.
A: Zofunikira za 2001 zinawonjezera zofunikira pazitsulo za WCB, ndiko kuti, pakuchepetsa 0.01% pamtengo waukulu kwambiri wa carbon, mtengo waukulu kwambiri wa magnesium ukhoza kuwonjezeka ndi 0,04% mpaka mtengo wapamwamba ndi 1.28%.
B: The sundries Cu ya WCA, WCB ndi WCC zitsanzo: 0.50% mu 77, kusintha kwa 0.30% mu 2001; Cr: 0.40% mu 77 ndi 0.50% mu 2001; Mo: Inali 0.25% mu '77 ndi 0.20% mu 2001.
C: Kuphatikizika kwazinthu zotsalira kuyenera kukhala kochepa kapena kofanana ndi 1.0%. Mu 2001, pakakhala mulingo wofanana ndi mpweya, ndime iyi siyenera, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mpweya wofanana ndi mitundu itatuyi kumafunika kukhala 0.5 ndi formula yake yowerengera yofanana ndi mpweya.
Q&A
A: Magawo oponyera oyenerera ayenera kukhala oyenererana ndi organic chemical, structural mechanical properties, ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira, makamaka zotsalira za zinthu zotsalira, apo ayi zingawononge kuwotcherera.
B: Kapangidwe kake ka organic komwe kamatchulidwa mu code akadali kokwanira. Kuti mupeze ntchito yabwino yowotcherera ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zamakina zamakina, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa miyezo yowongolera mkati mwa zigawo ndikuchita njira yoyenera yochitira kutentha kwa magawo oponya ndi ndodo zoyesa. Apo ayi, kupanga ndi kupanga mbali zoponyedwa zosayenerera. Mwachitsanzo, WCB zitsulo mpweya zili muyezo ≤0.3%, ngati smelter kunja WCB zitsulo mpweya zili 0.1% kapena kutsika kuchokera zikuchokera kuona ndi woyenerera, koma structural mawotchi katundu sakwaniritsa zofunika. Mpweya wa carbon ngati uli wofanana ndi 0.3% nawonso oyenerera koma kuwotcherera katundu
Posauka, kuwongolera kwa kaboni mpaka 0.25% ndikoyenera. Mukufuna kukhala "kulowa ndi kutuluka," osunga ndalama ena amaika patsogolo malamulo oyendetsera mpweya.
C: Magawo a kutentha okhudzana ndi mavavu achitsulo cha kaboni
(a) JB/T5300 — 91 “Vinthu valavu zonse” zofunika za carbon steel vavu kupezeka kutentha kwa -30 ℃ mpaka 450 ℃.
(b) SH3064-94 "petrochemical zitsulo valavu ambiri kusankha, kuyendera ndi kuvomereza" zofunika mpweya zitsulo vavu kupezeka kutentha kwa -20 ℃ kuti 425 ℃ (kugwiritsa ntchito otsika malire makonzedwe -20 ℃ ndi kuti kugwirizana ndi GB150 zitsulo pressure chombo)
(c) ANSI 16 · 34 "flange ndi matako kuwotcherera mapeto valavu" ntchito kuthamanga - kutentha oveteredwa mtengo panopa zofunika muyezo zofunika WCB A105 (mpweya zitsulo) zilipo kutentha osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo -29 ℃ kuti 425 ℃, sangathe ntchito pamwamba 425 ℃ kwa nthawi yayitali. Chitsulo cholimba cha kaboni chimakhala ndi graphitize pafupifupi 425 ℃.
Chipata valavu zopangira zitsulo annealing wathunthu annealing (recrystallization annealing): chitsulo kutentha pang'onopang'ono kwa Ac3 (hypoeutectoid chitsulo) pamwamba 30 ~ 50 ℃, kuonetsetsa nthawi zolimbitsa, ndiyeno pang'onopang'ono firiji kunja. Pakuti zitsulo wamba, malinga ndi Kutentha ndondomeko ferrite mu martensite (kumbuyo kusintha recrystallization) ndi refrigeration ndondomeko kuwonjezera yachiwiri kusintha recrystallization, galasi zabwino, wandiweyani wosanjikiza, yunifolomu dongosolo ferrite. Gray cast iron annealing: chitsulocho chimatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwa 30 ~ 50 ℃ pamwamba pa Ac1, kenako kuzirala pang'onopang'ono.
1) Tanthauzo: Kutentha mbali 30 ~ 50 ℃ pamwamba kutentha kwambiri, kutchinjiriza kutentha kwa nthawi, ndiyeno ndi firiji ng'anjo. (Kutentha kwakukulu: kutentha komwe mkati mwachitsulo chimasintha)
2) Zolinga: (1) Kuchepetsa mphamvu ndikuwongolera ntchito yopera;
(2) Yenga njere, kukonza mapangidwe ndi kugawa kwa simenti muzitsulo, ndikuyala maziko a njira yomaliza yopangira kutentha;
(3) Chotsani kupsinjika kwamafuta, chotsani kupsinjika kwamafuta komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mawonekedwe, kukonza kugaya kapena kuwotcherera kwamagetsi ndi kupsinjika kotsalira kwamafuta m'zigawo zoponya, kuchepetsa mapindikidwe ndikupewa kusweka kowuma;
(4) spherification wa simenti kuchepetsa mphamvu;
⑤ Kupititsa patsogolo ndikuchotsa zolakwika zamtundu uliwonse zomwe zimapangidwa muzitsulo zopangira zitsulo, calcination ndi kuwotcherera, kupewa kuyambitsa mawanga ang'onoang'ono oyera.
4) Mtundu: Popanga, njira yolumikizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Malinga ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito zopangira annealing sizili zofanana, pali mitundu yambiri yamayendedwe otsekera, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi annealing athunthu, chitsulo chotungira chachitsulo, kapena kuyika kwachitsulo pansi.
(1) Annealing wathunthu (recrystallization annealing): Kutentha kwachitsulo pang'onopang'ono mpaka Ac3 (chitsulo chahypoeutectoid) pamwamba pa 30 ~ 50 ℃, kuwonetsetsa kuti nthawi yayitali, kenako kutulutsa firiji pang'onopang'ono. Pakuti zitsulo wamba, malinga ndi Kutentha ndondomeko ferrite mu martensite (kumbuyo kusintha recrystallization) ndi refrigeration ndondomeko kuwonjezera yachiwiri kusintha recrystallization, galasi zabwino, wandiweyani wosanjikiza, yunifolomu dongosolo ferrite.
② Gray cast iron annealing: chitsulocho chimatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwa 30 ~ 50 ℃ pamwamba pa Ac1, kenako kuzirala pang'onopang'ono. Kapangidwe ka ferrite kumakhala kozungulira komanso kakang'ono, ndipo chitsulo chotsika komanso chapakati cha kaboni chokhala ndi mtundu woterewu chimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, luso lobowola mwamphamvu komanso luso lopindika lozizira kwambiri. Kwa chitsulo cha alloy, mawonekedwe amtunduwu ndi njira yabwinoko yoyamba isanayambe chithandizo cha kutentha. (Shaft yachitsanzo CrWMn, shaft yowongolera Tenon GCr15)
Kuwotchera kwathunthu ndi kusothermal annealing
Complete annealing - Kutentha kwa Ac3 20 ~ 30 ℃, kutchinjiriza kutentha pambuyo pa ng'anjo yozizira - kumatanthawuza kutenthetsa kuti austenization
Cholinga: Malinga ndi bwino recrystallization mbewu zabwino, symmetrical kapangidwe, patsogolo ntchito
Kugwiritsa ntchito: chitsulo cha hypoeutectoid, chitsulo chochepa cha carbon: kuchepetsa mphamvu, kusintha ntchito yoboola. Bungwe: FP
Isothermal process annealing - Kutentha mpaka Ac3 (Ac1) 20 ~ 50 ℃,
Kusungunula kwamafuta kumatsatiridwa ndi kuziziritsa kwa mpweya pambuyo pa njira ya isothermal mu Ar1: yokhala ndi annealing mokwanira kuti muwongolere mosavuta.
Kugwiritsa ntchito: chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi ferritic
Bungwe: FP kapena Fe3C P
Gray cast iron annealing ndi kufalitsa annealing
Chitsulo cha grey cast chotsekedwa - chotenthetsera ku Ac1 20~30
Cholinga: Kuti mupeze Fe3C yozungulira, yofewa
Ntchito: eutectoid, eutectoid zitsulo
Mtundu: spherical P
Kufalitsa annealing - Kutentha kwa madigiri 100-200 pansi pa mzere wolimba, kutentha kwa nthawi yaitali (10-15h) pambuyo pozizira pang'onopang'ono.
Cholinga: symmetrical composition
Zoyenera: zoponya zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
Microstructure: Njere zowawa - mutafalitsidwa ndikumangirira bwino kapena kuzimitsa - kukhathamiritsa
Kuchepetsa kupsinjika ndikugwira ntchito molimbika
De-stress annealing - Kutentha kwa Ac1-100 ~ 200 ℃, kutchinjiriza kutentha pambuyo pa kuzizira kwa ng'anjo
Cholinga: Kuchotsa nkhawa zamafuta ndikukhazikitsa bungwe
Ntchito: ozizira zojambula zigawo, kutentha mbali mankhwala
Bungwe: Sizisintha
Ntchito kuumitsa annealing - Kutentha kwa t ndiyeno 150 ~ 250 ℃, kutchinjiriza kutentha pambuyo kuzirala mpweya
Cholinga: Kuchepetsa mphamvu ndikuwonjezera pulasitiki
Ntchito: ntchito kuumitsa mankhwala workpiece
Kapangidwe: tirigu wofanana
Kutentha koumitsa ntchito: T re =T kusungunuka × 0.4 (kutentha)
kuzimitsa
Normalizing - Kutentha kwa Ac3 (Accm) 30 ~ 50 ℃, kutchinjiriza kutentha pambuyo kuzirala kwa mpweya
Cholinga: Yenga mbewu, sinthani magwiridwe antchito
Ntchito: mkulu mpweya zitsulo HB↑ → Kupititsa patsogolo kudula katundu wa mpweya (zotayidwa aloyi) zitsulo kuyenga tirigu symmetry bungwe (mankhwala kutentha, kutentha mankhwala pamaso) hypereutectoid zitsulo → mauna dongosolo Fe3CⅡ, kuyala maziko a spheroidization mankhwala mbali ndi zofunika otsika → zida zamakina zimagwira ntchito yomaliza yochizira kutentha.