Ivalve yesango imathiriyeli ekrwada iValve yomzimba Ivalve yentsimbi yesango ivelufa izinto ekrwada intsimbi annealing
Ingasetyenziselwa izinto ezingadlekiyo, kwiimeko ezithile ezikhethekileyo ezifana noluhlu oluthile lobushushu, imo engqongileyo yexabiso lokuxinana, ingasetyenziselwa ezinye izinto ezidlekayo. Ubushushu obukhoyo -29~425℃. Umzimba wevalve, ivalve yokuqukuqela enye kunye nevalve yesango (ivalve yepiston) ibonakala intsonkothe ngakumbi, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweendawo zokuphosa. Kuphela ezinye iivalve zecaliber okanye iivalve zesango ezinemigangatho ekhethekileyo yokusebenza zisebenzisa iindawo zentsimbi.
Uninzi lomzimba wevalve, ivalve yokuqukuqela enye kunye nevalve yesango (ivalve yepiston) ibonakala intsonkothe ngakumbi, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweendawo zokuphosa. Kuphela ezinye iivalve zecaliber okanye iivalve zesango ezinemigangatho ekhethekileyo yokusebenza zisebenzisa iindawo zentsimbi.
Intsimbi yekhabhoni
Ingasetyenziselwa izinto ezingadlekiyo, kwiimeko ezithile ezikhethekileyo ezifana noluhlu oluthile lobushushu, imo engqongileyo yexabiso lokuxinana, ingasetyenziselwa ezinye izinto ezidlekayo. Ubushushu obukhoyo -29~425℃
Iinxalenye zentsimbi yekhabhoni
Okwangoku, umgangatho wokuphunyezwa osetyenziswa kwilizwe lethu yi-GB12229 — 89 "I-valve jikelele, i-carbon steel casting Conditions Technical", uphawu lwezinto ezibonakalayo yi-WCA, WCB, WCC. Umgangatho uhambelana nomgangatho we-ASTMA216-77 we-ASTMA216-77 "ubushushu obuphezulu be-carbon steel Castings standard specifications". Umgangatho uguqulwe kabini ubuncinci, kodwa i-GB12229-89 yam isasebenza, kwaye inguqulelo entsha endiyibonayo kwinqanaba langoku yi-Astma216-2001. Ihluke kwi-Astma 216-77 (oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwi-GB12229-89) ngeendlela ezintathu.
A: Iimfuno ze-2001 zongeze imfuno ye-WCB yensimbi, oko kukuthi, kwi-0.01% yokunciphisa ixabiso lomda wekhabhoni enkulu kakhulu, ixabiso lomda we-magnesium likhulu kakhulu linganyuswa nge-0.04% de ixabiso eliphezulu li-1.28%.
B: I-sundries Cu ye-WCA, i-WCB kunye ne-WCC imodeli: i-0.50% kwi-77, ilungiswe kwi-0.30% ngo-2001; I-Cr: 0.40% kwi-77 kunye ne-0.50% ngo-2001; Mo: Yayiyi-0.25% ngo-'77 kunye ne-0.20% ngo-2001.
C: Intsalela element synthesis kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi okanye ilingane 1.0%. Ngo-2001, xa kukho umgangatho olinganayo wekhabhoni, eli gatya alifanelekanga, kwaye ubuninzi bekhabhoni obulingana nemodeli emithathu kufuneka ibe yi-0.5 kunye nefomula yokubala elinganayo yekhabhoni.
Q&A
A: Amalungu okujula afanelekileyo kufuneka afanelekele ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali ze-organic, iipropathi zesakhiwo, kwaye ahlangabezane neemfuno, ngakumbi ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezishiyekileyo, kungenjalo kuya kulimaza ukusebenza kwe-welding.
B: I-organic chemical composition echazwe kwikhowudi iseyona nto iphezulu. Ukuze ufumane ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-welding kwaye ufezekise iipropati ezifunekayo zesakhiwo, kuyimfuneko ukuseka imigangatho yolawulo lwangaphakathi lwamacandelo kwaye uqhube inkqubo yonyango echanekileyo yokushisa kwiindawo zokuphosa kunye neentonga zokuvavanya. Ngaphandle koko, ukuveliswa kunye nokuveliswa kweendawo ezingafanelekanga zokuphosa. Ngokomzekelo, umgangatho wekhabhoni yensimbi ye-WCB ≤0.3%, ukuba i-smelter ngaphandle kwe-WCB yensimbi ye-carbon content ye-0.1% okanye ephantsi ukusuka ekubunjweni ukuze ibone ifanelekile, kodwa iipropati ze-mechanical mechanical azihlangabezani neemfuno. Umxholo wekhabhoni ukuba ulingana ne-0.3% nayo ifanelekile kodwa iipropati ze-welding
Ulawulo olubi, lwekhabhoni ukuya kwi-0.25% lufanelekile ngakumbi. Ufuna ukuba "ukungena kunye nokuphuma," abanye abatyali-mali baya kubeka ngokucacileyo imimiselo yolawulo lwekhabhoni.
C: Iindidi zobushushu ezinxulumene ne-carbon steel valves
(a) JB/T5300 — 91 “izixhobo zevalve yendalo yonke” iimfuno zevalvu yentsimbi yekhabhoni ekhoyo yobushushu obuyi-30℃ ukuya kuma-450℃.
(b) SH3064-94 "intsimbi yepetrochemical yokukhetha ivalvu jikelele, ukuhlolwa kunye nokwamkelwa" iimfuno zevalve yentsimbi yekhabhoni ekhoyo yobushushu bo -20 ℃ ukuya kuma-425 ℃ (ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zomda ophantsi we -20 ℃ kukwenza ukudibanisa ne-GB150 yentsimbi isitya soxinzelelo)
(c) ANSI 16 · 34 "ivalve yeflange kunye ne-butt welding end" uxinzelelo lokusebenza - iqondo lobushushu elilinganiswe ngoku ixabiso langoku iimfuno ezisemgangathweni zomgangatho WCB A105 (carbon steel) uluhlu lobushushu olukhoyo kubandakanywa -29℃ ukuya ku-425℃, ayinakusetyenziswa ngaphezulu kwe-425℃ ixesha elide. Intsimbi yekhabhoni eqinileyo ithande ukwenza igraphitize malunga ne 425℃.
Ivalve yesango imathiriyeli ekrwada yentsimbi eqhotyoshelayo i-annealing epheleleyo (i-recrystallization annealing): intsimbi yokufudumeza kancinane ukuya kwi-Ac3 (intsimbi ye-hypoeutectoid) ngaphezulu kwe-30 ~ 50℃, ukuqinisekisa ixesha eliphakathi, emva koko ukucotha kwefriji ngaphandle. Kuba intsimbi eqhelekileyo, ngokwenkqubo zokufudumeza ferrite ibe martensite (umva utshintsho recrystallization) kunye nenkqubo efrijini ukongeza utshintsho recrystallization yesibini, le crystal ecolekileyo, umaleko ashinyeneyo, isakhiwo iyunifomu ferrite. Ukufakwa kwentsimbi engwevu: intsimbi ifudunyezwa kubushushu obuyi 30 ~ 50℃ ngaphezulu kwe Ac1, emva koko ipholiswe kancinci.
I-1) Inkcazo: Ukushisa iindawo ukuya kwi-30 ~ 50 ℃ ngaphezu kweqondo lokushisa elibalulekileyo, ukufudumala ukufudumala ixesha elithile, kwaye emva koko kunye nefriji yesithando somlilo. (Iqondo lobushushu elibalulekileyo: iqondo lobushushu apho ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lwentsimbi lutshintsha)
2) Iinjongo: (1) Ukunciphisa amandla kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kokusila;
(2) Ukucoca ingqolowa, uphucule ulwakhiwo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-cementite ngentsimbi, kwaye ubeke isiseko senkqubo yokugqibela yokunyanga ukushisa;
(3) Susa uxinzelelo lwe-thermal, susa uxinzelelo lwe-thermal olubangelwa ukulungiswa kwemveliso yokuguqulwa kwemilo, ukucutshungulwa kokugaya okanye i-welding yombane kunye noxinzelelo lwe-thermal oluseleyo kwiindawo zokuphosa, ukunciphisa ukuguqulwa kunye nokuphepha ukuqhekeka okomileyo;
(4) i-spherification yesamente ukunciphisa amandla;
⑤ Ukuphucula kunye nokuphelisa zonke iintlobo zeentsilelo zombutho ezenziwe kwintsimbi yokubumba, i-calcination kunye nokusebenza kwe-welding, ukuphepha ukubangela amabala amancinci amhlophe.
4) Uhlobo: Kwimveliso, inkqubo ye-annealing isetyenziswa kakhulu. Ngokwemveliso yokufunxa isiphumo asifani, kukho iindidi ezininzi zemigangatho yenkqubo yokufunxa, edla ngokusetyenziswa ukufunxa okupheleleyo, ukuphoswa kwentsimbi engwevu, okanye ukuvalelwa koxinzelelo lwasemhlabeni.
1 Kuba intsimbi eqhelekileyo, ngokwenkqubo zokufudumeza ferrite ibe martensite (umva utshintsho recrystallization) kunye nenkqubo efrijini ukongeza utshintsho recrystallization yesibini, le crystal ecolekileyo, umaleko ashinyeneyo, isakhiwo iyunifomu ferrite.
② Ukufakwa kwentsimbi engwevu: intsimbi ifudunyezwa kubushushu obuyi 30 ~ 50℃ ngaphezulu kwe Ac1, emva koko ipholiswe kancinci. Isakhiwo se-ferrite siba si-spheroidal kunye ne-granular, kwaye intsimbi yekhabhoni ephantsi naphakathi enolu hlobo lwesakhiwo inamandla aphantsi, isakhono esinamandla sokomba kunye nokukwazi ukugoba okubandayo. Kwinsimbi ye-alloy, olu hlobo lwesakhiwo luyisakhiwo esingcono sokuqala ngaphambi kokuba unyango lobushushu. (Ishafu yesampula i-CrWMn, ishafti yesikhokelo iTenon GCr15)
Gqibezela i-annealing kunye ne-isothermal annealing
Gqibezela i-annealing - ukufudumeza ukuya kwi-Ac3 20 ~ 30 ℃, ukugquma ubushushu emva kwesithando somlilo esibandayo - kubhekiselele ekufudumezeni ukugqiba ukuqinisa.
Injongo: Ngokwe-recrystallization ngokucokisekileyo ukutya okuziinkozo, ukwakheka kwe-symmetrical, ukuphucula ukusebenza
Isicelo: insimbi ye-hypoeutectoid, insimbi ye-carbon ephantsi: ukunciphisa amandla, ukuphucula ukusebenza kokugaya. Umbutho: FP
Isothermal inkqubo annealing — ukufudumeza ukuya Ac3 (Ac1) 20 ~ 50℃,
Ukufakwa kwe-Thermal kulandelwa kukupholisa komoya emva kwale nkqubo ilandelayo ye-isothermal kwi-Ar1: ngokufakwa okucokisekileyo ukuze kube lula ukulawula.
Isicelo: intsimbi ephakathi kunye ne-ferritic engenasici
Umbutho: FP okanye Fe3C P
Grey cast intsimbi annealing kunye nokunwenwa annealing
Intsimbi engwevu efakwe intsimbi – ifudunyezwe kwi-Ac1 20~30
Injongo: Ukufumana i-Fe3C engqukuva, ithambile
Isicelo: eutectoid, eutectoid steel
Isicatshulwa: iP
Ukusasaza i-annealing - ukufudumeza ukuya kwi-100-200 degrees ngaphantsi komgca oqinileyo, ukugqunywa kwe-thermal ixesha elide (10-15h) emva kokupholisa okucothayo.
Injongo: ukubunjwa okulingeneyo
Ifanelekile: iicasts zensimbi ezingenasici
Ulwakhiwo lweMicrostructure: Iinkozo ezirhabaxa-emva kokusasazwa kokucoca ngokucokisekileyo okanye ukucinywa-ukwandisa
Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kunye nomsebenzi wokuqinisa i-annealing
De-stress annealing — ukufudumeza ukuya kwi-Ac1-100 ~ 200℃, ukugqunywa kobushushu emva kokubanda kweziko
Injongo: Ukususa uxinzelelo lwe-thermal kunye nokuzinzisa umbutho
Isicelo: iindawo zokudweba ezibandayo, iindawo zokunyanga ukushisa
Umbutho: Ayizukutshintsha
Umsebenzi wokuqinisa i-annealing - ukufudumeza ukuya kwi-t kunye ne-150 ~ 250 ℃, ukufaka ubushushu emva kokupholisa umoya
Injongo: Ukunciphisa amandla kunye nokuphucula iplastiki
Isicelo: umsebenzi wokuqina imveliso workpiece
Ulwakhiwo: iinkozo equiaxed
Ukuqina kobushushu bomsebenzi: T re =T ukunyibilika × 0.4 (ubushushu)
ukucima
Ukulungelelanisa - ukufudumeza ukuya kwi-Ac3 (Accm) 30 ~ 50 ℃, ukufudumala ubushushu emva kokupholisa umoya
Injongo: Cokisa okuziinkozo, phucula ukusebenza
Isicelo: intsimbi ephezulu yekhabhoni HB↑ → Phucula iipropati zokusika zekhabhoni (i-aluminium alloy) umbutho wentsimbi yokusulungekisa ingqolowa (unyango lobushushu, unyango lobushushu ngaphambili) intsimbi ye-hypereutectoid → ukusebenza kwezixhobo zoomatshini inkqubo yokugqibela yonyango lobushushu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-11-2023
