I-Automata: Izimfihlakalo zomlingo zomhlaba wasendulo, izimangaliso zemishini zeNkathi Ephakathi, izimangaliso zesimanje zezingcweti zezandla. Hhayi-ke, imfanozanyana eyanele.
I-Automata, i-automata, irobhothi, umshini ozenzakalelayo: Wonke lawa magama achaza isigaba semishini ethathwa njengezisebenza ngokwayo futhi engenza imisebenzi ehlelwe ngaphambilini noma imisebenzi ngenxa yochungechunge lwemiyalo enqunywe kusengaphambili.
Inothi eseceleni yezihlakaniphi zohlelo: I-Automata ne-automata zombili izinguqulo ezisemthethweni zobuningi be-automata; kodwa-ke, "umshini wokuthengisa" luhlobo lwendawo yokudlela ebukeka njengomshini wokuthengisa ngokudla ku-cubicle , Izovuleka lapho kufakwa uhlamvu lwemali.
I-Automata ingaba nezimo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, futhi ingenza cishe noma yini abantu abangayicabanga futhi bayiklame ibe yisistimu yemishini.
I-automata engifuna ukugxila kuyo izinguqulo eziyinkimbinkimbi okungenzeka ukuthi uyazijwayele, njengamawashi e-cuckoo (izinyoni eziphuma emnyango ukuze zisho isikhathi) noma amathoyizi alula edeskithophu esilwane ahlatshwa ngesandla (njengamahhashi, izinyoni noma izinhlanzi. ) nezigcawu ezithakazelisayo.
I-automata yomlando ihlanganisa amabhokisi omculo anezithombe, izinyoni ezitshiyozayo, kanye nezibalo zabantu eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezimangalisayo zikaPierre Jaquet-Droz odweba izithombe, imishwana yokubhala, noma ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo.
Ngizokwethula izibonelo eziningi kamuva, kodwa okokuqala masiqonde umlando we-automata kusukela ekuqaleni.
Onjiniyela abahlakaniphile nezingcweti kudala bakha i-automata, futhi amanye amarekhodi avela cishe ngo-1000 BC, okuyiminyaka engaphezu kuka-3000 edlule.
Ngokudabukisayo, izibonelo zamasiko asendulo afana neShayina, iGrisi, kanye neRoma ziye zalibaleka umlando noma zingasinda kuphela ngombhalo, imidwebo, nemidwebo. Abantu bangafaka indlela yasendulo ye-Antikythera cishe ngo-100 BC engxoxweni, kodwa njengoba lokhu kungase kungabi umshini ozenzakalelayo, kodwa ukubala okuyinkimbinkimbi nokubala, ngeke ngikufake lapha.
Izinto zakuqala zivame ukwakhiwa njengemishini yezenkolo ukukhombisa amandla abaholi noma ukuvusa okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomoya lapho uvakashela izindawo ezingcwele njengamathempeli. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangekhulu lokuqala AD, iqhawe lika-Alexander, elaziwa ngamagalelo alo kwezesayensi, izibalo, nobunjiniyela, lakha umdlalo wasesiteji owenziwe ngomshini kusetshenziswa izintambo, amafindo, amagiya neminye imishini elula ukuwuqeda okwakusolakala ukuthi wawuthatha imizuzu eyi-10. .
Esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bakhe ku-hydraulic, i-pneumatics, ne-mechanics, uQhawe wasungula imishini ekwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ngaphezu kokuzijabulisa, njengezinqola ezizishayelayo ezihlelekayo, imishini yokuthengisa, izinsimbi eziphefumulayo, nemishini yempi ehlukahlukene.
Lona ngokuvamile umlando ofanayo we-automata: uhlangothi oluthakazelisayo luhlanganiswe nokusungulwa kanye nobunjiniyela ukuze kukhuthazwe futhi kubonise inqubekelaphambili yemishini ngezindlela ezithakazelisayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi eziyimilingo.
Kuye ngesikhathi nendawo emlandweni, izakhamuzi ezinezinkolelo-ze zingase zibuke i-automata ngokusola, ngoba abantu abaningi abanalo ulwazi lokuqala ngemishini enjalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi indaba yesithombe esiyisimangaliso noma isimangaliso izosabalala kuso sonke isixuku, kodwa empeleni iyithuluzi elihlakaniphile eliklanyelwe ukulingisa okuhlangenwe nakho okungaqondakali.
NgeNkathi Ephakathi, iningi lezwe "laseNtshonalanga" lalahlekelwa amakhono nolwazi lokwenza imishini enjalo. I-Byzantium kanye nezwe elibanzi lama-Arabhu aqhubeka namasiko amaGreki (futhi mhlawumbe amaShayina, ngenxa yokuhweba neMpumalanga Ekude) ), enza imishini efanayo futhi abhale amaphepha, afana ne-"A Book on Ingenious Devices" e-Iraq yanamuhla emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-850 AD.
I-automata edalwe onjiniyela nabaqambi bamaSulumane iyamangalisa ngempela, emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambili kunezibonelo eziningi ezidumile zaseNtshonalanga. I-Islamic Golden Age phakathi kuka-780 no-1260 AD yabona ukuqhuma kwenqubekelaphambili yesayensi eqhathaniswa nanoma iyiphi inkathi emlandweni: yayiyisisekelo samasiko amaningi esayensi aseNtshonalanga.
I-Automata evela ngesikhathi kanye nezifunda zezwe ihlanganisa izidalwa ezenziwe umuntu ezifana nezifanekiso zomoya, izinyoka, ofezela nezinyoni eziculayo, abadlali bomtshingo abahlelekayo, izikebhe ezinamabhendi amarobhothi “abantu abane”, nezandla ezisebenzayo ezinomshini wokuwasha wesimanje ozenzakalelayo onendlela yokuwasha. .
Ngaleso sikhathi, iChina ingase ibe nesiko leminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili le-automata, futhi ikhiqiza i-automata eyakhiwa amahlosi abhongayo, izinyoni eziculayo, izinyoni ezindizayo, ngisho namawashi amanzi ayinkimbinkimbi anezinombolo ezigcina isikhathi.
Kunezincazelo zemibukiso yopopayi abazishintshayo, ama-orchestra azenzakalelayo, namadragoni ayimishini, ukubala abambalwa. Ngokudabukisayo, izinto eziningi ezidaliwe noma ezirekhodiwe kamuva zabhujiswa uBukhosi baseMing obanqotshwa phakathi nekhulu le-14, okwenza izinto eziningi zakhohlwa umlando.
Nakuba lisekhona isiko le-automata kwezinye izingxenye ze-Europe, ekhulwini le-13, kwaba nentshisekelo evuselelwe ezintweni ezidaliwe namadivayisi aklanyelwe ukushaqisa izivakashi, futhi le mikhiqizo namadivayisi aphinde avela ezinkantolo kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Lesi sikhathi kukholakala ukuthi sathonywa kakhulu imibhalo yesiGreki ehunyushelwe olimini lwesiLatini nesiNtaliyane, okwavusa isithakazelo ekwakhiweni kwezazi zezibalo nabasunguli basendulo. Ukuvuselelwa kwe-automata okudumile kwenzeka ngesikhathi seRenaissance kanye neNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa.
Esikhathini esidlule, ubuchwepheshe be-automata babunikwa amandla ama-hydraulics (amanzi), i-pneumatics (umoya nesitimu), noma amandla adonsela phansi (ngesisindo), okwakunciphisa kakhulu inkimbinkimbi nobukhulu bemishini. I-automata encane kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi idinga ukuvela kobuchwepheshe obusha.
Ngokwamukelwa kabanzi kobunjiniyela obuthuthuke kakhulu, bezibalo, kanye nezinhlelo zobuchwepheshe (ezifana nokwenza amawashi) kanye nesayensi ye-metallurgical (esetshenziselwa ukwenza iziphethu), ikhono lokudala imishini eyinkimbinkimbi ngempela (nemihle) liye lachuma.
Emakhulwini eminyaka, singene kulokho engikubheka njengenkathi yegolide ye-automata, lapho ezinye zezibonelo ezidume kakhulu zisekhona. Kunezibonelo eziningi ezinhle, futhi abantu abaningi bangase bacabange ukuthi umqondo we-automata ususelwa kakhulu kuleso sikhathi.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-15 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-automata yathuthukiswa ngokuhambisana namawashi, amawashi, nemishini yezimboni, ilandelela ngokungahleliwe inqubekelaphambili yokuqamba izinto ezintsha nokusungulwa kwemishini.
IJapane neShayina zisaqinile kulokhu, futhi ngisho nangemva kwesiyaluyalu sobukhosi, izibonelo ezimangalisayo zalesi sikhathi zisatholakala. E-Japan, umkhuba wopopayi bemishini "karakuri" unomkhuba omude kusukela maphakathi nawo-1660 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Abakhiqizi bamathuluzi, abakhi bamawashi, abakhi bezikhiya, abasunguli, ngisho nabenzi bemilingo baye benza i-automata emangalisayo ngempela, nakuba zisafana nalawo makhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, kodwa manje ahlangene futhi ayinkimbinkimbi.
Imininingwane Yewashi Lezinkanyezi laseStrasbourg Cathedral, France (Isithombe sihlonishwa yi-Tangopaso/Wikipedia Commons)
Ukusungulwa kwewashi lesimanje le-cuckoo kwenzeka phakathi nalesi sikhathi, okungenzeka ukuthi kwavela ezibonelweni zakuqala zamawashi amakhulu edolobha, lapho izinhlamvu ezipopayo ziqukethwe emishinini edumile njengamawashi ezinkanyezi eStrasbourg nasePrague. Iqhude elihlotshiswe ngegolide enguqulweni yokuqala ye-cathedral edume kakhulu yaseStrasbourg, manje etholakala kumnyuziyamu wobuciko bokuhlobisa wedolobha, libhekwa njenge-automata endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Iqhutshwa ukucabanga kwefilosofi kaRené Descartes nabanye, kuye kwavela usayizi wokuphila neminye imishini emincane eyengeziwe. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izilwane zimane ziyimishini eyinkimbinkimbi ye-biomechanical engakhiwa.
Idada lokugaya ukudla elidwetshwe ngu-Jacques de Vaucanson (isithombe sabiwe yi-Scientific American/Wikipedia)
Lona akuwona umbono omusha ngokuphelele, kodwa kuholela ekugcizeleleni kwe-automata yezilwane, ezinye zazo ezingaphezu kobubanzi bokucatshangelwa kwangaphambili. Isibonelo esithakazelisayo idada eligayayo, elifana nedada ngezindlela eziningi, kodwa esiyingqayizivele kunazo zonke ukuthi lidla ukudla okuyizimbudumbudu bese libonakala likhipha amathumbu.
Kuzethameli zesimanje, akumangazi ukuthi i-automata empeleni ayikugayisi ukudla, kodwa unjiniyela ongumFulentshi u-Jacques de Vaucanson wakusebenzisa ngokucacile lokho ukuze aphishekele ukuba ngokoqobo kwakudala kwemvelo.
Akufanele sihleke kakhulu: u-de Vaucanson wayeyiphayona emikhakheni eminingi (okuhlanganisa ukusungulwa kwe-loom ezenzakalelayo kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-lathe yokuqala yensimbi yonke), wakha lokho okukholelwa ukuthi i-automaton yokuqala ye-biomechanical, umtshingo. umdlali, Ingadlala izingoma eziyishumi nambili ezahlukene. Wakha nomdlali wezigubhu. Ugqozi lwalezi zi-automata ezimbili lwavela enkambweni ye-anatomy kadokotela ohlinzayo waseFrance.
Lesi futhi kwaba inkathi yabenzi bamawashi abadumile u-Pierre Jaquet-Droz kanye no-Henri Maillardet, abadale enye ye-automata ye-humanoid ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu eyayingaDweba izithombe, isayine futhi ibhale imilayezo elula.
Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye (cishe ngo-1860) kuya cishe ku-1910 kwakubhekwa "njengenkathi yegolide ye-automata" (kwakukhona ngisho nencwadi enegama elifanayo), ngoba inguquko yezimboni yabangela inani elikhulu lezingxenye zemishini ezijwayelekile ukuba zivele, kanye nenani lezinkampani ezikhiqiza i-automata landa. Kulula ukwenza. Izinkulungwane zama-automata kanye nezinyoni zezingoma ezisetshenziswayo zathunyelwa emhlabeni wonke, futhi zazisathandwa ngabaqoqi kuze kube ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.
Ngokungamangalisi, inkinga yezomnotho yomhlaba wonke kanye nezimo zengqondo zokuziphatha ezilethwa izinhlekelele ezibhubhisayo zezimpi zomhlaba wonke ziye zashintsha izinto eziza kuqala kulo lonke elaseYurophu (esinye sezikhungo zokukhiqiza i-automata), futhi ukudalwa kwe-automata akusasebenzi ekusebenzeni okubanzi. Nakuba kungazange kunyamalale ngokuphelele eYurophu, e-Asia noma e-United States of America, ukusungulwa kwemishini kwathatha indawo ohlangothini lwezobuciko, ngoba intuthuko kugesi nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza yenza i-automata yaba lula ukuyikhiqiza.
Okwesikhashana, izinkampani bezigxile ekudaleni ubuciko obuhle nge-automata, noma ekwenzeni izinto ezishibhile ezifana namathoyizi. Manje esikhathini se-inthanethi, sesibonile ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwala maphrojekthi ngoba abantu baphinde bavezwa izici ezihlaba umxhwele kodwa ezithokozisayo ze-automata-ungathola izibonelo eziningi ezithakazelisayo nezishibhile ku-inthanethi.
Nakuba kungase kukhungathekise kancane kulabo abathanda ubuciko bobuciko nobunjiniyela obumangalisayo be-automata, inani elithengekayo livumela abantu ukuthi bangene kalula emhlabeni wezimiso zobunjiniyela nge-automata ethakazelisayo.
Lokhu kunginikeze ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kokuthi izimiso zemishini ezilula zihlanganiswe kanjani ukuze kwakhiwe ezinye zezinto eziqanjiwe ezinhle kakhulu emlandweni.
Kunoma ubani onaka i-automata ephezulu namuhla, kusobala ukuthi ubunjiniyela obungavamile bungahlanganiswa nobuciko bobuciko obuhlaba umxhwele ukuze kuzuzwe imigomo emangalisayo. Kodwa ngisho nasezibonelweni zekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu, izimiso zokushayela i-automata ngokuyisisekelo ziyefana nalezo ezisetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka, ngoba eziningi zazo zisekelwe ezimisweni zemishini ezilula kakhulu zokukhiqiza ukunyakaza.
Ngifuna ukusho ukuthi u-95% we-automata usebenzisa izimiso ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo zomshini ukudala ukunyakaza, futhi ezimweni ezingavamile kuphela kusetshenziswa izinto ezingahambisani nalezi zigaba. Izigaba zimi kanje: amasondo, ama-pulleys, amagiya, amakhamera nezinduku zokuxhuma. Ukube bengingumuntu onamathelayo, bengingakwazi ukuhlanganisa amasondo, amasondo kanye namagiya abe yiqembu elikhulu. Kodwa izenzo ezizenzayo zihlukile futhi zingasetshenziselwa izenzo eziyingqayizivele, ngakho-ke masinamathele ezigabeni ezinhlanu ezijwayelekile.
Esokuqala yisondo. Ezimweni eziningi, ivele ishayele eksisi ukuze ivumele into ukuthi ijikeleze, noma idale ukunyakaza komugqa kuwo wonke umshini ngokusekelwe ku-automaton, iwushayele njengemoto yomgibeli noma isitimela, noma isebenzisa amasondo afihliwe ukudala izilwane Inkohliso. ukunyakaza.
Isondo lingaba idrayivu yangaphakathi yomunye umshini, noma lingaba ingxenye yokugcina kuketango lomshini. Isibonelo esihle sengxenye yokugcina eyisondo iwashi le-cuckoo, elibonakala ngendandatho yohlamvu ephuma ngaphakathi emzimbeni wewashi, ngokuvamile exhunywe eceleni kwesondo elilula.
Ama-Pulleys ukuvela kwamasondo ngoba angaba bushelelezi noma anamazinyo futhi anezikhala ngamaketanga noma amabhande ukuze adlulisele ukuzungeza ezintweni ezikude. Kuye ngokulungiselelwa, i-pulley ingadlulisela ukunyakaza okujikelezayo nge-engeli ethile ngebhande eliguquguqukayo (ngokuvamile elitholakala emishinini yezimboni emidala ehlukahlukene) futhi inganikeza ukuvikelwa okuthile komthelela kumshini.
Ukushintsha kobubanzi phakathi kwama-pulleys amabili kungakhuphula noma kunciphise isivinini, kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu, kungashintsha ngempela inani lamandla asetshenzisiwe. Lokhu kuxazulula inkinga yokuthi okokufaka kubuthakathaka kakhulu ukuhambisa ngokuqondile izingxenye ezinkulu noma kunamandla kakhulu futhi kudinga ukuncishiswa ukuze kuvikelwe indlela.
Ngokuqhubekayo, amagiya angama-pulley anamazinyo, enziwe ngokunembe kakhulu futhi angaxhunywa ngokuqondile nenye i-pulley enamazinyo.
Amagiya okuqala ayengalungile neze. Elinye lala magiya belinamasondo amabili ahambisanayo anezikhala ezilinganayo eziwaxhumayo. Lawa masondo abenamasondo anesondo elilodwa eliphuma emgqeni ngama-rods ahlukene. Lezi zingatholakala ku-automata endala kakhulu e-China yasendulo noma eGrisi, futhi ziyizingxenye eziyinhloko zamawashi amakhulu adume kakhulu emhlabeni.
Kodwa ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqonda okwengeziwe kwejiyomethri yegiya, amagiya anembe kakhulu ozowabona namuhla aba khona, angadlulisela amandla amakhulu kakhulu ngokunembe kakhulu, futhi, njengamapulley, angasetshenziswa ukushintsha isivinini, amandla noma Ukuhlinzeka. isilinganiso esinembile sendlela yokwenza isikhathi (ngokusobala). Ukusungulwa kwamagiya anembayo kwavumela imishini eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu esebenzisa izinsimbi eziyisisekelo ukuze ifinyelele amandla ayo aphelele.
Ikhamera ingenye indlela endala kakhulu ngoba, ngamagama alula, iyisondo eline-eccentric shaft. Lokhu kukhiqiza ukunyakaza okuphindaphindayo okungajwayelekile, okungasetshenziswa ukushayela ukunyakaza komugqa. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sisebenzisa amasondo amise okwesipesheli, ngokuvamile asesimweni seqabunga eliyindilinga noma umnenke oyisiyingi, nomlandeli we-cam (umunwe olula noma izinyo elihlezi endaweni ezungezile) ukuze kuguqule ukunyakaza kube elinye isondo noma induku yokuxhuma, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe u-A. ukunyakaza emuva nakwesine. Lokhu kungaba ukunyakaza okuyisisekelo noma okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa isimiso siyefana.
Ibhulokhi yokwakha yokugcina iyinduku yokuxhuma, ehlanganisa umlandeli we-cam, i-lever, kanye nengalo ye-pivot eyisisekelo. Lezi zakhiwo zilula kakhulu, kodwa empeleni ziyizici eziyinhloko ezenza ukunyakaza ku-automata. Induku yokuxhuma yenziwe ngenduku ezungeza i-eksisi eyodwa, ixhuma izimbazo ezimbili kuzo zombili iziphetho, noma ixhuma izimbazo ezintathu noma ngaphezulu ukuze idale umzila onyakazayo oyinkimbinkimbi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-08-2021
