ʻO Automata: ʻO nā mea kupanaha o ka honua kahiko, nā mea kupanaha mechanical o ka Middle Ages, nā mea kupanaha hou o nā mea hana akamai. ʻAe, lawa aliteration.
Automata, automata, robot, mīkini ʻakomi: Hōʻike kēia mau huaʻōlelo a pau i kahi papa o nā mīkini i manaʻo ʻia he hana ponoʻī a hiki ke hana i nā hana i hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia ma muli o ke ʻano o nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi mechanical i koho mua ʻia.
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao no ka grammar nerds: ʻO Automata a me automata nā mana nui o ka automata; akā naʻe, ʻo ka "mea kūʻai aku" he ʻano hale ʻaina e like me ka mīkini kūʻai aku me ka meaʻai i loko o kahi cubicle, E wehe ʻia ke hoʻokomo ʻia ke kālā.
Hiki i nā Automata ke loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā nui, a hiki ke hana i nā mea āpau i hiki i nā kānaka ke noʻonoʻo a hoʻolālā i kahi ʻōnaehana mechanical.
ʻO ka automata aʻu e makemake ai e nānā aku i kekahi mau mana paʻakikī āu i kamaʻāina ai, e like me nā uaki cuckoo (nā manu e lele ana i waho o ka puka e haʻi i ka manawa) a i ʻole nā mea pāʻani pāʻani lima lima maʻalahi (e like me nā lio, manu a iʻa paha. ) a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi.
ʻO ka automata mōʻaukala nā pahu mele me nā kiʻi, nā manu kani, a me nā kiʻi kanaka paʻakikī a weliweli loa na Pierre Jaquet-Droz e kiʻi ana i nā kiʻi, kākau ʻōlelo, a i ʻole ke pāʻani ʻana i nā mea kani.
E hoʻolauna hou au i nā laʻana ma hope, akā e hoʻomaopopo mua kākou i ka mōʻaukala o automata mai ka hoʻomaka.
Ke kūkulu nei nā ʻenehana akamai a me nā mea hana lima i ka automata no ka manawa lōʻihi, a ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau moʻolelo ma kahi o 1000 BC, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 3000 mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua poina ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona mai nā moʻomeheu kahiko e like me Kina, Helene, a me Roma e ka mōʻaukala a i ʻole hiki ke ola ma o nā kikokikona, nā kiʻi, a me nā kiʻi pena. Hiki i nā kānaka ke hoʻokomo i ka mīkini Antikythera kahiko ma kahi o 100 BC i ke kūkākūkā ʻana, akā no ka mea ʻaʻole kēia he mīkini maʻalahi, akā he helu paʻakikī a me ka calculator, ʻaʻole wau e hoʻokomo ma aneʻi.
Hana ʻia nā mea mua loa e like me nā mīkini hoʻomana e hōʻike i ka mana o nā alakaʻi a i ʻole e hoʻāla i nā ʻike ʻuhane i ka wā e kipa aku ai i nā wahi kapu e like me nā luakini. Eia nō naʻe, i ke kenekulia mua AD, ua hana ke koa o Alexander, i ʻike ʻia no kāna mau haʻawina i ka ʻepekema, ka makemakika, a me ka ʻenekinia, i hana i kahi pāʻani mechanical me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaula, nā puʻupuʻu, nā mīkini, a me nā mīkini maʻalahi ʻē aʻe e hoʻopau ai i ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia he 10 mau minuke. .
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kona akamai i ka hydraulics, pneumatics, a me mechanics, ua hana ʻo Hero i nā mīkini hiki ke hana i nā hana ma waho aʻe o ka leʻaleʻa, e like me nā kaʻa hoʻokele ponoʻī programmable, nā mīkini kūʻai aku, nā ʻāpana makani, a me nā mīkini kaua like ʻole.
ʻO kēia ka moʻolelo like o automata: ua hui pū ʻia ka ʻaoʻao hoihoi me ka mea hou a me ka ʻenekinia e hoʻoulu a hōʻike i ka holomua mechanical ma nā ʻano hoihoi a i kekahi manawa.
Ma muli o ka manawa a me kahi o ka mōʻaukala, hiki i nā kānaka kīwila ke nānā aku i ka automata me ka kānalua, no ka mea, nui ka poʻe i loaʻa ʻole ka ʻike mua me ia mau mea hana. ʻO ia hoʻi, e laha ana ka moʻolelo o ke kiʻi kupanaha a i ʻole ka hana mana i loko o ka lehulehu, akā ʻoiaʻiʻo, he mea hana akamai ia i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻohālike i kahi ʻike pohihihi.
I ka Middle Ages, ua nalowale ka hapa nui o ka honua "Western" i nā mākau a me ka ʻike pehea e hana ai i ia mau mīkini. Ua hoʻomau ʻo Byzantium a me ka honua Arab ākea i nā kuʻuna o nā Helene (a me nā Kina paha, mahalo i ke kālepa me ka Hikina Hikina) ), hana i nā mīkini like a kākau i nā pepa, e like me "A Book on Ingenious Devices" i kēia mau lā Iraq a puni. 850 AD.
ʻO ka automata i hana ʻia e nā ʻenekinia Muslim a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka he mea kupaianaha maoli nō, he mau kenekulia ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana o ke Komohana. Ua ʻike ka Islamic Golden Age ma waena o 780 a me 1260 AD i kahi pahū o ka holomua ʻepekema e like me kekahi manawa o ka mōʻaukala: ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hapa nui o nā kuʻuna ʻepekema Komohana.
ʻO Automata mai ka manawa a me ka ʻāina ʻāina nā mea i hana ʻia e ke kanaka e like me nā kiʻi makani, nā nahesa, nā moʻo huelo ʻawa a me nā manu mele, nā mea hoʻokani ohe i hoʻolālā ʻia, nā waʻa me nā hui robotic "ʻehā-kanaka", a me nā lima hana ʻoi aku ka hana me ka mīkini holoi Automatic hou me ka mīkini holoi. .
Ma ia manawa, loaʻa paha iā Kina kahi kuʻuna ʻelua kaukani makahiki o ka automata, a ke hana nei ia i ka automata i haku ʻia me nā tigers uwē, nā manu mele, nā manu lele, a me nā uaki wai paʻakikī me nā helu mālama manawa.
Aia nā wehewehe ʻana o nā hōʻike papeti mīkini ʻakomi, nā orkestra aunoa, a me nā ʻīlio mechanical, e inoa i kekahi. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua luku ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea i hana ʻia a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka Ming Dynasty i ka waena o ke kenekulia 14, a ua poina nā mea he nui e ka mōʻaukala.
ʻOiai aia nō kahi kuʻuna o ka automata ma kekahi mau wahi o ʻEulopa, i ke kenekulia 13, ua hoihoi hou ʻia ka hoihoi i nā mea hana a me nā mea hana i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻohauʻoli i ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi, a ua ʻike hou ʻia kēia mau huahana a me nā mea hana i nā hale hoʻokolokolo ma ʻEulopa.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo kēia manawa ua hoʻohuli nui ʻia e nā kikokikona Helene i unuhi ʻia i ka Latin a me ka ʻItalia, kahi i hoʻoulu ai i ka hoihoi i ka hana ʻana o nā mea makemakika kahiko a me nā mea hana. ʻO ka hana hou automata kaulana i loaʻa i ka wā Renaissance a me Enlightenment.
I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana automata e hydraulics (wai), pneumatics (wind and steam), a i ʻole gravity (ma ke kaumaha), ka mea i kaupalena nui i ka paʻakikī a me ka nui o nā mea hana. ʻO ka automata liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a paʻakikī e koi i ka puka ʻana o nā ʻenehana hou.
Me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana ʻenehana, makemakika, a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻenehana (e like me ka hana wati) a me ka ʻepekema metallurgical (hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā pūnāwai), ua ulu ka hiki ke hana i nā mīkini paʻakikī (a nani).
No nā haneli mau makahiki, ua komo mākou i ka mea aʻu i manaʻo ai he makahiki gula o automata, i ka wā e mau nei kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa. Nui nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi, a manaʻo paha ka poʻe he nui ka manaʻo o ka automata mai ia au.
Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 15 a hiki i ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻomohala like ʻo automata me nā wati, nā wati, a me nā mīkini ʻenehana, me ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i ka holomua o ka hana hou a me ka ʻenehana.
Ke ikaika mau nei ʻo Iapana a me Kina ma kēia ʻano, a ma hope o ka haunaele o ka mōʻī, ke ʻike ʻia nei nā hiʻohiʻona kupanaha o kēia wā. Ma Iapana, he kuʻuna lōʻihi ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka mīkini "karakuri" mai ka waena waena o 1660s a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20.
ʻO nā mea hana mea hana, nā mea kiaʻi, nā locksmiths, inventors, a me nā mea kilokilo i hana i kekahi automata kupaianaha maoli, ʻoiai ua like lākou me kēlā mau haneli a hiki i nā tausani o nā makahiki i hala, akā i kēia manawa ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a paʻakikī.
Nā kikoʻī o ka Astronomical Clock of Strasbourg Cathedral, Farani (Photo courtesy of Tangopaso/Wikipedia Commons)
ʻO ka mea i hana ʻia o ka uaki cuckoo hou i hana ʻia i loko o kēia wā, a ua ulu paha ia mai nā hiʻohiʻona mua o nā uaki kūlanakauhale nui, kahi i loaʻa ai nā kiʻi animated i nā mīkini kaulana e like me nā uaki astronomical ma Strasbourg a me Prague. ʻO ka moa gula i loko o ka mana mua o ka mea hale pule kaulana loa o Strasbourg, aia i kēia manawa i loko o ka hale hōʻikeʻike hoʻonaninani o ke kūlanakauhale, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka automata kahiko loa o ka honua.
Ke alakaʻi ʻia e ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo o René Descartes a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia nā mīkini liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o ke ola. Manaʻo ʻo ia he mau mīkini biomechanical paʻakikī wale nō nā holoholona i hiki ke kūkulu ʻia.
Na Jacques de Vaucanson i kaha kiʻi ʻiʻo ʻai (kiʻi ʻia e Scientific American/Wikipedia)
ʻAʻole kēia he manaʻo hou loa, akā alakaʻi ia i kahi manaʻo nui i ka automata holoholona, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea ma waho o ke ʻano o nā noʻonoʻo mua. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi ʻo ia ka duck digestive, e like me ka duck ma nā ʻano he nui, akā ʻo ka mea kūʻokoʻa loa ʻo ia ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai granular a laila me he mea lā he ʻōpū.
No ka poʻe hoʻolohe o kēia wā, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha ʻaʻole ʻeli maoli ka automata i ka meaʻai, akā ua hoʻohana maopopo ka ʻenekini Farani ʻo Jacques de Vaucanson i kēlā e ʻimi i ka ʻano maoli maoli o ke ʻano.
ʻAʻole pono mākou e ʻakaʻaka nui: ʻo de Vaucanson he paionia ma nā ʻano he nui (me ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia o ka lom aunoa a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka lathe metala mua loa), ua kūkulu ʻo ia i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mua biomechanical automaton, he ʻohe. mea pāʻani, Hiki iā ia ke hoʻokani i nā mele like ʻole he ʻumikumamālua. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i mea hoʻokani pila. ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana no kēia mau automata ʻelua i hele mai mai ka papa anatomy o kahi kauka lapaʻau Farani.
ʻO kēia hoʻi ke au o nā mea kiaʻi kaulana ʻo Pierre Jaquet-Droz lāua ʻo Henri Maillardet, nāna i hana i kekahi o nā automata humanoid hoihoi loa i hiki ke kaha kiʻi, hōʻailona a kākau i nā leka maʻalahi.
ʻO ka waena o ka makahiki ʻumikūmāiwa (e pili ana i 1860) a hiki i ka makahiki 1910 i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka "makahiki gula o automata" (ʻo ia kekahi puke o ka inoa hoʻokahi), no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻoihana i hoʻokumu i ka nui o nā ʻāpana mechanical standardized e puka mai. a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā hui e hana ana i ka automata. Maʻalahi e hana. Ua lawe ʻia aku nā tausani o nā automata a me nā manu mele mechanical ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, a kaulana mau lākou i nā ʻohi a hiki i ka pō o ke Kaua Honua Mua.
ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ua hoʻololi ka pilikia o ka hoʻokele waiwai honua a me nā ʻano conservative i lawe ʻia e nā pōʻino luku o nā kaua honua i nā mea nui o ka Europa holoʻokoʻa (kekahi o nā kikowaena hana automata), a ʻaʻole pili hou ka hana ʻana i ka automata i ka hana ākea. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia i nalowale loa ma ʻEulopa, ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻenehana mechanical i ka ʻaoʻao noʻeau o nā mea, no ka mea, ʻo ka holomua o ka uila a me ka ʻenehana hana hana i maʻalahi ka hana ʻana o ka automata.
No kekahi manawa, ua kālele nā ʻoihana i ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi nani me ka automata, a i ʻole i ka hana ʻana i nā mea pāʻani like ʻole. I kēia manawa i ka makahiki Internet, ua ʻike mākou i ka hana hou ʻana o kēia mau papahana no ka mea ua ʻike hou ʻia ka poʻe i nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi akā hoihoi o automata-hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi a me ka haʻahaʻa ma ka Pūnaewele.
ʻOiai he mea paʻakikī paha ia no ka poʻe makemake i ka hana noʻeau a me ka ʻenehana kupaianaha o ka automata, ʻo ke kumukūʻai kūpono e hiki ai i nā poʻe ke komo maʻalahi i ka honua o nā loina ʻenekinia ma o ka automata hoihoi.
Ua hāʻawi mai kēia iaʻu i ka ʻike kikoʻī o ka hui ʻana o nā loina mechanical maʻalahi e hana i kekahi o nā mea kupanaha loa o ka mōʻaukala.
No ka poʻe e hoʻolohe ana i ka automata kiʻekiʻe i kēia lā, ʻike maopopo ʻia hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻenekinia kupaianaha me ka hana hana kiʻi hoihoi e hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu nani. Akā, i loko o nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo nā loina o ka hoʻokele automata e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kenekulia, no ka mea, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e hoʻokumu ʻia i nā loina mechanical maʻalahi e hoʻoulu i ka neʻe.
Makemake au e ʻōlelo ʻo 95% o ka automata e hoʻohana i ʻelima mau kumu mechanical kumu no ka hana ʻana i ka neʻe, a i nā hihia kakaʻikahi wale nō nā mea i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia i kēia mau ʻāpana. Penei nā ʻāpana: huila, pulleys, gears, cams and connecting rods. Inā he kanaka lāʻau au, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohui i nā huila, nā pulleys a me nā mea hana i loko o kahi hui nui. Akā ʻokoʻa nā hana a lākou i hana ai a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā hana kūʻokoʻa, no laila e hoʻopili mākou i nā ʻāpana ākea ʻelima.
ʻO ka mua ka huila. I nā manawa he nui, hoʻokele wale ia ma kahi axis e ʻae i ka mea e hoʻololi, a i ʻole e hana i kahi neʻe laina no ka mīkini holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i kahi automaton, e hoʻokele iā ia e like me ke kaʻa kaʻa a i ʻole ke kaʻaahi, a i ʻole e hoʻohana i nā huila huna e hana i nā holoholona ʻO ka hoʻopunipuni. o ka nee ana.
Hiki i ka huila ke hoʻokele i loko o kahi mīkini ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole ʻo ia wale nō ka mea hope loa i ke kaulahao mechanical. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka ʻāpana hope he huila he uaki cuckoo, kahi i hōʻike ʻia e ke apo ʻano e puka mai ana mai loko mai o ke kino o ka uaki, pili maʻamau i ka ʻaoʻao o kahi huila maʻalahi.
ʻO ka pulleys ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā huila no ka mea hiki ke maʻalahi a i ʻole nā niho a me nā kaulahao a i ʻole nā kāʻei e hoʻouna i ka huli ʻana i nā mea mamao. Ma muli o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, hiki i ka pulley ke hoʻoili i ka neʻe ʻana o ka rotational ma kekahi kihi ma o ke kāʻei maʻalahi (ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā mīkini ʻoihana kahiko) a hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi pale hopena no ka mīkini.
Hiki i ka hoʻololi anawaena ma waena o nā pulley ʻelua ke hoʻonui a hoʻemi paha i ka wikiwiki, akā ʻoi aku ka mea nui, hiki ke hoʻololi maoli i ka nui o ka ikaika i hoʻohana ʻia. Hoʻoponopono kēia i ka pilikia i nāwaliwali loa ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka neʻe pololei ʻana i nā ʻāpana nui a i ʻole ikaika loa a pono e hoʻemi ʻia e pale i ka mīkini.
Ma kahi hoʻomohala hou aʻe, ʻo nā kāʻei i nā pulleys niho, ua hana pololei ʻia a hiki ke hoʻopili pololei ʻia me kahi pulley niho ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole pololei loa nā mea hana mua. ʻO kekahi o nā huila he ʻelua huila like me nā koʻokoʻo like ʻole e pili ana iā lākou. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau huila me kahi huila hoʻokahi e puka mai ana mai ka rim ma nā koʻokoʻo like ʻole. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia mau mea ma ka automata kahiko loa ma Kina a i Helene paha, a ʻo ia nā mea nui o kekahi o nā wati nui kaulana loa ma ka honua.
Akā me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻomaopopo hou ʻana i ka geometry gear, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mīkini kikoʻī āu e ʻike ai i kēia lā, hiki ke hoʻouna i nā pūʻali nui loa me ka pololei, a, e like me nā pulleys, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻololi i ka wikiwiki, ikaika a hāʻawi. kahi lākiō mīkini manawa kūpono (ʻike maopopo). ʻO ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia o nā mīkini pololei i ʻae ʻia i nā mīkini paʻakikī me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lever kumu e hiki ai i kona hiki piha.
ʻO ke kāmela kekahi ʻano hana kahiko loa, no ka mea, ma nā ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he huila ia me kahi kumu eccentric. Hoʻopuka kēia i ka neʻe hou ʻole, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokele i ka neʻe laina. Hoʻohana ka loina kumu i nā huila ʻano ʻano kūikawā, ma ke ʻano he lau pōʻai a i ʻole ka snail spiral, me ka mea hahai cam (kahi manamana lima a i ʻole niho e kau ana ma ka ʻaoʻao) e hoʻohuli i ka neʻe i kahi huila ʻē aʻe a i ʻole ke koʻokoʻo hoʻohui, a laila hana ʻia ʻo A ka neʻe ʻana i hope a me ka hā. Hiki i kēia ke hana maʻamau a paʻakikī paha, akā ua like ke kumumanaʻo.
ʻO ka pā hale hope loa ke koʻokoʻo hoʻohui, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea hahai cam, ka lever, a me ka lima pivot kumu. He mea maʻalahi kēia mau hale, akā ʻo ia nā hiʻohiʻona nui e hana i ka neʻe ʻana i ka automata. Hoʻohui ʻia ke koʻokoʻo hoʻohui me ke koʻokoʻo e hoʻopuni ana i ke koʻi hoʻokahi, hoʻohui i ʻelua koʻi ma nā kihi ʻelua, a i ʻole hoʻohui i ʻekolu a ʻoi aʻe paha koʻi e hana i kahi ala neʻe paʻakikī.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-08-2021
