Automata: Cov khawv koob paub tsis meej ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub, kev xav tsis thoob ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, kev xav niaj hnub ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm zoo. Zoo, txaus alliteration.
Automata, automata, neeg hlau, tshuab tsis siv neeg: Tag nrho cov lus no piav qhia txog chav kawm ntawm cov tshuab uas suav tias yog tus kheej ua haujlwm thiab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua ntej lossis kev ua haujlwm vim yog cov lus qhia ua ntej ntawm cov tshuab.
Daim ntawv qhia sab rau cov qauv sau ntawv nerds: Automata thiab automata yog ob qho tib si raug cai ntau yam ntawm automata; Txawm li cas los xij, "vending machine" yog ib hom tsev noj mov uas zoo li lub tshuab muag khoom nrog zaub mov hauv lub cubicle, Nws yuav qhib thaum lub npib tso.
Automata tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam duab thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg, thiab tuaj yeem ua txhua yam uas tib neeg tuaj yeem xav txog thiab tsim rau hauv lub tshuab tshuab.
Lub automata kuv xav tsom mus rau yog qee cov qauv uas koj tuaj yeem paub txog, xws li cuckoo moos (noog popping tawm ntawm lub qhov rooj los qhia lub sijhawm) lossis tsiaj yooj yim tes-cranked desktop khoom ua si (xws li nees, noog lossis ntses. ) thiab nthuav Scenes.
Keeb kwm automata suav nrog lub thawv suab paj nruag nrog cov duab, cov noog quaj, thiab cov duab zoo heev thiab zoo heev ntawm tib neeg los ntawm Pierre Jaquet-Droz kos duab, sau cov kab lus, lossis ua si suab paj nruag tsim.
Kuv yuav qhia ntau tus piv txwv tom qab, tab sis ua ntej cia peb nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm automata txij thaum pib.
Cov kws txawj ntse thiab cov kws tsim khoom siv tau tsim automata rau lub sijhawm ntev, thiab qee cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim thaum ntxov li 1000 BC, uas yog ntau tshaj 3000 xyoo dhau los.
Tu siab, piv txwv los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai qub xws li Tuam Tshoj, tim Nkij teb chaws, thiab Rome tau tsis nco qab los ntawm keeb kwm lossis tsuas tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, kos duab, thiab duab kos duab. Cov neeg tuaj yeem suav nrog cov txheej txheem Antikythera thaum ub nyob ib puag ncig 100 BC hauv kev sib tham, tab sis txij li qhov no yuav tsis yog lub tshuab tsis siv neeg, tab sis kev suav nyuaj thiab lub tshuab xam zauv, kuv yuav tsis suav nrog ntawm no.
Cov khoom qub tshaj plaws feem ntau yog tsim los ua cov tshuab kev cai dab qhuas los qhia lub hwj chim ntawm cov thawj coj lossis ua kom muaj kev paub ntawm sab ntsuj plig thaum mus xyuas cov chaw dawb ceev xws li cov tuam tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias nyob rau hauv thawj ib puas xyoo AD, tus hero ntawm Alexander, paub txog nws txoj kev koom tes rau kev tshawb fawb, lej, thiab engineering, tau tsim ib qho kev ua si hauv tshuab siv ropes, knots, gears, thiab lwm yam tshuab yooj yim los ua kom tiav qhov kev iab liam tias kav ntev li 10 feeb. .
Siv nws cov kev txawj ntse hauv hydraulics, pneumatics, thiab mechanics, Hero tau tsim cov cav tov uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntxiv rau kev lom zem, xws li programmable rau nws tus kheej lub laub, vending machines, cua tshuab, thiab ntau yam kev ua tsov rog.
Qhov no feem ntau yog cov keeb kwm sib npaug ntawm automata: qhov nthuav dav yog ua ke nrog kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim vaj tsev los txhawb thiab nthuav tawm cov kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv kev nthuav dav thiab qee zaum ua khawv koob.
Nyob ntawm lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw hauv keeb kwm, cov neeg tsis ntseeg siab tuaj yeem saib automata nrog kev xav tsis thoob, vim tias ntau tus neeg tsis muaj kev paub ua ntej nrog cov khoom siv zoo li no. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias zaj dab neeg ntawm ib tug mlom miraculous lossis txuj ci tseem ceeb yuav nthuav dav thoob plaws hauv cov neeg coob coob, tab sis qhov tseeb nws yog ib qho cuab yeej ntse tsim los xyaum ua qhov kev paub tsis meej.
Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb "Western" poob cov kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub ua cov tshuab zoo li no. Byzantium thiab lub ntiaj teb dav Arabic txuas ntxiv cov kev cai ntawm Greeks (thiab tejzaum nws yog Suav, ua tsaug rau kev lag luam nrog Far East) ), tsim cov tshuab zoo sib xws thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv, xws li "Ib Phau Ntawv ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob" nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Iraq nyob ib ncig ntawm. 850 AD.
Lub automata tsim los ntawm Muslim engineers thiab inventors yog tiag tiag zoo kawg, centuries ua ntej tshaj li ntau nto moo Western piv txwv. Lub hnub nyoog Islamic Golden ntawm 780 thiab 1260 AD tau pom qhov tawg ntawm kev kawm txuj ci piv rau txhua lub sijhawm hauv keeb kwm: lawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm feem ntau Western scientific kab lig kev cai.
Automata los ntawm lub sijhawm thiab thaj chaw muaj xws li cov neeg tsim cov tsiaj xws li cov duab cua, nab, scorpions thiab hu nkauj noog, programmable flute players, tej nkoj nquam nrog "plaub-neeg" neeg hlau bands, thiab siv tau ntau dua tes-nrog niaj hnub tsis siv neeg tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws nrog ntxhua khaub ncaws. .
Txij thaum ntawd los, Tuam Tshoj tuaj yeem muaj ob txhiab xyoo kev lig kev cai ntawm automata, thiab nws tau tsim cov automata uas muaj suab nrov nrov, hu nkauj noog, cov noog ya, thiab txawm tias cov moos dej ua haujlwm nrog cov lej sijhawm.
Muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab tsis siv neeg lub cev ua yeeb yam, tsis siv neeg orchestras, thiab cov neeg kho tshuab zaj, rau npe rau ob peb tug. Tu siab, feem ntau ntawm cov khoom tsim los yog sau tseg tom qab raug rhuav tshem los ntawm kev kov yeej Ming Dynasty nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, ua rau ntau yam tsis nco qab txog keeb kwm.
Txawm hais tias tseem muaj kev lig kev cai ntawm automata nyob rau qee qhov chaw ntawm Tebchaws Europe, nyob rau xyoo pua 13th, muaj kev txaus siab rau kev tsim thiab cov khoom siv tsim los ua rau cov neeg tuaj ncig ua si poob siab, thiab cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom siv no rov tshwm sim hauv tsev hais plaub thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe.
Lub sijhawm no ntseeg tau tias feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntawv Greek txhais ua Latin thiab Italian, uas txhawb kev txaus siab rau kev tsim cov lej qub thiab cov neeg tsim khoom. Lub npe nrov automata renaissance tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance thiab Enlightenment era.
Yav dhau los, automata thev naus laus zis tau siv los ntawm hydraulics (dej), pneumatics (cua thiab chav), lossis lub ntiajteb txawj nqus (los ntawm qhov hnyav), uas ua rau muaj kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev nyuaj thiab qhov loj ntawm cov khoom siv. Heev me me thiab complex automata yuav tsum tau tshwm sim ntawm tshiab technologies.
Nrog rau kev siv dav dav ntawm engineering, lej, thiab thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis (xws li watchmaking) thiab metallurgical science (siv los ua cov springs), lub peev xwm los tsim cov cav tov tiag tiag (thiab zoo nkauj) tau vam meej.
Tau ntau pua xyoo, peb tau nkag mus rau qhov kuv xav tias yog lub hnub nyoog kub ntawm automata, thaum qee qhov piv txwv nto moo tseem muaj nyob. Muaj ntau yam piv txwv zoo, thiab ntau tus neeg yuav xav tias lub tswv yim ntawm automata feem ntau muab los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th mus rau thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th, automata tau tsim nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm nrog cov moos, watches, thiab cov tshuab ua haujlwm, tsis raws cai taug qab qhov kev nce qib ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev tsim kho tshuab.
Nyiv thiab Tuam Tshoj tseem muaj zog hauv qhov no, thiab txawm tias tom qab muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm lub dynasty, cov qauv zoo ntawm lub sijhawm no tseem raug pom. Hauv Nyij Pooj, kev xyaum ua haujlwm ntawm "karakuri" menyuam roj hmab muaj kev lig kev cai los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1660 mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.
Cov tuam txhab lag luam, watchmakers, locksmiths, inventors, thiab txawm magicians tau tsim ib co amazing automata, txawm hais tias lawv tseem zoo ib yam li cov pua pua mus rau txhiab xyoo dhau los, tab sis tam sim no ntau compact thiab complex.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Astronomical Clock ntawm Strasbourg Cathedral, Fabkis (Photo courtesy of Tangopaso/Wikipedia Commons)
Lub invention ntawm niaj hnub cuckoo moos tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no, uas tej zaum yuav tau hloov zuj zus los ntawm cov piv txwv thaum ntxov ntawm lub nroog loj moos, uas animated cim muaj nyob rau hauv nto moo tshuab xws li lub hnub qub moos nyob rau hauv Strasbourg thiab Prague. Gilded rooster nyob rau hauv thawj version ntawm Strasbourg lub npe nrov tshaj plaws cathedral keeb kwm, tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub nroog lub tsev khaws puav pheej zoo nkauj, yog suav hais tias yog lub ntiaj teb no tus qub automata.
Tsav los ntawm kev xav txog kev xav ntawm René Descartes thiab lwm tus, lub neej loj thiab ntau lub tshuab me me tau tshwm sim. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov tsiaj tsuas yog cov tshuab biomechanical complex uas tsim tau.
Digestive duck kos los ntawm Jacques de Vaucanson (duab qhia los ntawm Scientific American/Wikipedia)
Qhov no tsis yog lub tswv yim tshiab kiag li, tab sis nws ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tsiaj automata, qee qhov uas dhau ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab yav dhau los. Ib qho piv txwv nthuav yog cov digestive duck, uas zoo li ib tug duck nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, tab sis qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws yog tias nws noj cov zaub mov granular thiab ces zoo li lub plab zom mov.
Rau cov neeg tuaj saib niaj hnub no, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias automata tsis zom zaub mov tiag tiag, tab sis tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis Fab Kis Jacques de Vaucanson tau siv qhov ntawd kom ua raws li qhov tseeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej.
Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob luag nyuaj heev: de Vaucanson yog ib tug pioneer nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb (xws li lub invention ntawm lub tshuab dhos tsis siv neeg thiab kev tsim kho ntawm thawj tag nrho cov hlau tshuab dhos), nws tau ua dab tsi ntseeg hais tias yog thawj biomechanical automaton, ib tug flute. player, Nws tuaj yeem ua si kaum ob zaj nkauj sib txawv. Nws kuj tsim ib tug tambourine neeg uas ua ntawv. Qhov kev tshoov siab rau ob lub automata no tau los ntawm cov chav kawm anatomy ntawm tus kws phais Fabkis txoj.
Qhov no kuj yog lub sijhawm ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas nto moo Pierre Jaquet-Droz thiab Henri Maillardet, uas tau tsim qee qhov zoo tshaj plaws humanoid automata uas tuaj yeem kos duab, kos npe thiab sau cov lus yooj yim.
Nyob rau nruab nrab-caug xyoo pua (kwv yees li 1860) txog 1910 raug suav hais tias yog "lub hnub nyoog kub ntawm automata" (tseem muaj ib phau ntawv ntawm tib lub npe), vim hais tias kev lag luam kiv puag ncig ua rau muaj coob tus qauv ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tau tshwm sim, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim automata proliferated. Yooj yim rau kev tsim khoom. Ntau txhiab tus automata thiab mechanical songbirds tau raug xa tawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb, thiab lawv tseem nrov nrog cov neeg sau khoom kom txog thaum ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib.
Unsurprisingly, lub ntiaj teb no kev lag luam teeb meem thiab conservative cwj pwm coj los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev tsov kev rog ntiaj teb no tau hloov qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe (ib qho ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom automata), thiab cov creation ntawm automata tsis siv rau kev xyaum dav dua. Txawm hais tias nws yeej tsis ploj mus tag nrho hauv Tebchaws Europe, Asia lossis Tebchaws Meskas, kev tsim kho tshuab tau muab txoj hauv kev rau sab kev kos duab, vim tias kev nce qib hauv hluav taws xob thiab kev tsim khoom siv tshuab ua automata kuj yooj yim los tsim.
Ib ntus, cov tuam txhab tau tsom mus rau kev tsim cov duab zoo nkauj nrog automata, lossis ua cov khoom ua si zoo li pheej yig. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv Internet muaj hnub nyoog, peb tau pom ib tug renaissance ntawm tej yaam num vim hais tias cov neeg tau rov qab mus rau lub impressive tab sis nthuav yam ntawm automata-koj yuav nrhiav tau ntau nthuav thiab pheej yig piv txwv nyob rau hauv Internet.
Txawm hais tias nws yuav ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab me ntsis rau cov neeg uas nyiam cov khoom siv tes ua haujlwm zoo nkauj thiab tsis txaus ntseeg engineering ntawm automata, tus nqi pheej yig tso cai rau tib neeg kom yooj yim nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm engineering hauv paus ntsiab lus los ntawm nthuav automata.
Qhov no tau ua rau kuv nkag siab ntxaws txog qhov yooj yim cov ntsiab lus siv tshuab ua ke ua ke los tsim qee qhov kev tsim kho zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm.
Rau txhua tus neeg uas them nyiaj rau high-end automata niaj hnub no, nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias kev tsim vaj tsev zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov khoom siv tes ua zoo nkauj kom ua tiav cov hom phiaj zoo. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsav tsheb automata yeej zoo ib yam li cov uas siv rau ntau pua xyoo, vim hais tias lawv feem ntau yog raws li cov txheej txheem yooj yim heev los tsim cov lus tsa suab.
Kuv xav hais tias 95% ntawm automata siv tsib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv tshuab los tsim cov lus tsa suab, thiab tsuas yog qee zaus yog cov khoom siv uas tsis haum rau cov pawg no. Cov pawg yog raws li nram no: lub log, pulleys, gears, cams thiab txuas rods. Yog hais tias kuv yog ib tug stickler, kuv yuav muab cov log, pulleys thiab gears rau hauv ib pawg loj. Tab sis cov kev ua uas lawv tsim yog txawv me ntsis thiab tuaj yeem siv rau kev ua tshwj xeeb, yog li cia peb lo rau tsib pawg dav dav.
Thawj yog lub log. Feem ntau, nws tsuas yog tsav ntawm lub axis kom tso cai rau cov khoom tig, los yog tsim ib qho kev tawm suab rau tag nrho lub tshuab raws li lub automaton, tsav nws zoo li lub tsheb neeg caij tsheb lossis tsheb ciav hlau, lossis siv lub log zais los tsim cov tsiaj illusion. ntawm kev txav mus los.
Lub log tuaj yeem yog tsav sab hauv ntawm lwm lub tshuab, lossis nws tuaj yeem yog qhov kawg ntawm cov saw hlau. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub log yog lub moos cuckoo, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub nplhaib cim uas tshwm sim los ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub cev moos, feem ntau txuas rau sab ntawm lub log yooj yim.
Pulleys yog qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub log vim tias lawv tuaj yeem ua kom du lossis toothed thiab mesh nrog chains lossis siv hlua kom xa cov kev sib hloov mus rau cov khoom nyob deb. Nyob ntawm qhov chaw, lub pulley tuaj yeem xa cov kev hloov pauv ntawm ib lub kaum ntse ntse los ntawm txoj siv yooj yim (feem ntau pom nyob rau ntau lub tshuab qub qub) thiab tuaj yeem muab qee qhov kev tiv thaiv rau lub tshuab.
Qhov kev hloov txoj kab uas hla ntawm ob lub pulleys tuaj yeem nce lossis txo qhov nrawm, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv tus nqi ntawm lub zog siv. Qhov no daws qhov teeb meem uas cov tswv yim tsis muaj zog heev kom ncaj qha txav cov khoom loj lossis muaj zog heev thiab yuav tsum tau txo qis los tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem.
Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntxiv kev loj hlob, lub zog yog ib txwm toothed pulleys, lawv tau ua heev raug thiab yuav ncaj qha meshed nrog rau lwm toothed pulley.
Lub zog ntxov tshaj plaws yog qhov tsis raug kiag li. Ib lub zog muaj ob lub log sib npaug nrog cov pas nrig sib npaug sib txuas. Cov log no meshed nrog ib lub log uas protruded los ntawm lub npoo ntawm tus pas nrig sib npaug. Cov no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov laus tshaj plaws automata nyob rau hauv ancient Tuam Tshoj los yog tim Nkij teb chaws, thiab yog lub ntsiab Cheebtsam ntawm ib co ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws moos loj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
Tab sis nrog kev nce qib ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab kev nkag siab ntxiv ntawm iav geometry, lub zog meej heev uas koj yuav paub txog niaj hnub no tau los ua, uas tuaj yeem xa cov rog loj heev, thiab, zoo li rubeys, tuaj yeem siv los hloov ceev, quab yuam lossis muab ib tug meej lub sij hawm mechanism piv (obviously). Lub invention ntawm precision gears tso cai heev complex machinery siv yooj yim levers mus cuag nws tag nrho cov peev xwm.
Lub cam yog lwm yam qub tshaj plaws vim hais tias, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, nws yog ib lub log nrog ib tug eccentric ncej. Qhov no ua rau cov lus tsa suab tsis sib xws, uas tuaj yeem siv los tsav cov lus tsa suab. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog siv lub log tshwj xeeb, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ncig los yog kauv qwj, nrog ib tug cam follower (ib tug ntiv tes yooj yim los yog cov hniav so ntawm lub periphery) los hloov cov lus tsa suab mus rau lwm lub log los yog txuas tus pas nrig, yog li tsim A. rov qab thiab plaub txav. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog qhov yooj yim heev lossis nyuaj heev, tab sis lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tib yam.
Qhov kawg lub tsev thaiv yog tus pas nrig txuas, uas suav nrog cov cam follower, lub zog, thiab lub hauv paus pivot caj npab. Cov qauv no yooj yim heev, tab sis lawv yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas tsim kev txav hauv automata. Cov pas nrig txuas yog tsim los ntawm ib tus pas nrig uas tig ib ncig ntawm ib qho axis, txuas ob lub axes ntawm ob qho kawg, los yog txuas peb los yog ntau dua axes los tsim txoj hauv kev nyuaj.
Post lub sij hawm: Dec-08-2021
