I-Automata: Iimfihlakalo zomlingo zehlabathi lakudala, imimangaliso yoomatshini yamaXesha Aphakathi, imimangaliso yale mihla yeengcibi. Ewe, imfanozandi eyaneleyo.
I-Automata, i-automata, irobhothi, umatshini ozenzekelayo: Onke la magama achaza udidi loomatshini abathathwa njengabazisebenzelayo ngokwentelekiso kwaye banokwenza imisebenzi ecwangciswe kwangaphambili okanye imisebenzi ngenxa yothotho lwemiyalelo emiswe kwangaphambili ngoomatshini.
Inqaku elisecaleni kwi-grammar nerds: I-Automata kunye ne-automata zombini iinguqulelo ezisemthethweni zesininzi se-automata; nangona kunjalo, "umatshini wokuthengisa" luhlobo lokutya olufana nomatshini wokuthengisa ngokutya kwi-cubicle , Kuya kuvula xa kufakwe ingqekembe.
I-Automata inokuba neemilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu, kwaye inokwenza phantse nantoni na abantu abanokuyicingela kwaye bayiyile ibe yinkqubo yoomatshini.
I-automata endifuna ukugxila kuyo zezinye iinguqulelo ezintsonkothileyo onokuthi uqhelene nazo, njengewotshi ye-cuckoo (iintaka eziphuma emnyango zixela ixesha) okanye izinto zokudlala zedesktop zesilwanyana ezilula, ezinjengamahashe, iintaka okanye iintlanzi. ) kunye neMifanekiso enomdla.
Imbali ye-automata ibandakanya iibhokisi zomculo ezinemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, iintaka ezintyilozayo, kunye nezibalo zabantu ezintsonkothileyo nezimangalisayo nguPierre Jaquet-Droz wokuzoba imifanekiso, amabinzana okubhala, okanye ukudlala izixhobo zomculo.
Ndiza kuzisa imizekelo emininzi kamva, kodwa okokuqala masiqonde imbali ye-automata kwasekuqaleni.
Iinjineli ezihlakaniphile kunye neengcibi ziye zakha i-automata ixesha elide, kwaye ezinye iirekhodi zavela malunga ne-1000 BC, engaphezulu kweminyaka engama-3000 eyadlulayo.
Okulusizi kukuba, imizekelo yeenkcubeko zakudala ezifana neTshayina, iGrisi, kunye neRoma sele ilityalwe yimbali okanye inokusinda kuphela ngokubhaliweyo, ngemizobo, nangemizobo. Abantu banokubandakanya indlela yamandulo ye-Antikythera malunga ne-100 BC kwingxoxo, kodwa ekubeni le nto ingenakuba ngumatshini ozenzekelayo, kodwa ukubala okunzima kunye ne-calculator, andiyi kuyifaka apha.
Izinto zokuqala zidla ngokudalwa njengoomatshini benkolo ukubonisa amandla eenkokeli okanye ukuvuselela amava okomoya xa undwendwela iindawo ezingcwele ezifana neetempile. Nangona kunjalo, nakwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD, iqhawe lika-Aleksandire, elaziwa ngamagalelo akhe kwisayensi, kwimathematika, kunye nobunjineli, lenze umdlalo weqonga womatshini usebenzisa iintambo, amaqhina, iigiya kunye nabanye oomatshini abalula ukuyigqiba, ekutyholwa ukuba yathatha imizuzu eli-10. .
Esebenzisa ubuchule bakhe bokusebenzisa amanzi, umoya, noomatshini, uQhawe wenza oomatshini abanokwenza imisebenzi ukongezelela kwezolonwabo, njengeenqwelo eziziqhubayo ezinokulungiselelwa, oomatshini bokuthengisa, amalungu omoya, noomatshini abahlukahlukeneyo bemfazwe.
Oku kudla ngokuba yimbali ehambelanayo ye-automata: icala elinomdla lidityaniswa kunye nokuveliswa kunye nobunjineli ukukhuthaza nokubonisa inkqubela phambili yomatshini ngeendlela ezinomdla kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ezinomlingo.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha kunye nendawo embalini, abantu abakholelwa kwiinkolelo banokujonga i-automata ngokukrokra, kuba abantu abaninzi abanamava okuqala ngezixhobo ezinjalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ibali lomfanekiso oqingqiweyo okanye ummangaliso liya kusasazeka kuso sonke isihlwele, kodwa eneneni sisixhobo esikrelekrele esilungiselelwe ukuxelisa amava angaqondakaliyo.
KumaXesha Aphakathi, uninzi lwehlabathi "laseNtshona" laphulukana nezakhono kunye nobuchule bokwenza oomatshini abanjalo. I-Byzantium kunye nehlabathi elibanzi lama-Arabhu laqhubeka nezithethe zamaGrike (kwaye mhlawumbi amaTshayina, ngenxa yorhwebo kunye neMpuma Ekude) ), yenza oomatshini abafanayo kwaye babhale amaphepha, afana ne "Incwadi kwizixhobo ezihlakaniphile" kwi-Iraq yangoku 850 AD.
I-automata eyenziwe ziinjineli zamaSilamsi kunye nabaqambi bayamangalisa ngokwenene, iinkulungwane ngaphambili kunemizekelo emininzi edumileyo yaseNtshona. I-Islamic Golden Age phakathi kwe-780 kunye ne-1260 AD yabona ukugqabhuka kwenkqubela phambili yesayensi enokuthelekiswa naliphi na ixesha kwimbali: yayisisiseko sezithethe ezininzi zenzululwazi zaseNtshona.
I-automata esuka kwixesha kunye nemimandla yejografi ibandakanya izidalwa ezenziwe ngabantu ezinje ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yomoya, iinyoka, oonomadudwane kunye neentaka eziculayo, abadlali befluti abanokucwangciswa, izikhephe ezinamabhendi erobhothi “abantu abane”, kunye nezandla ezisebenzayo-nomatshini wanamhlanje wokuzihlamba onesixhobo sokuhlamba. .
Ngelo xesha, iTshayina isenokuba sele inesiko leminyaka engamawaka amabini le-automata, yaye ivelisa i-automata eyenziwe ngamahlosi agqumayo, iintaka eziculayo, iintaka eziphaphazelayo, kwanewotshi entsonkothileyo yasemanzini enamanani agcina ixesha.
Kukho iinkcazo zemiboniso yoonopopi abazenzekelayo, iiokhestra ezizenzekelayo, kunye needragons ezinomatshini, ukukhankanya ezimbalwa. Okulusizi kukuba, uninzi lwezinto ezidaliweyo okanye ezirekhodiweyo zatshatyalaliswa kamva yiMing Dynasty eyoyisiweyo phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-14, nto leyo ebangela ukuba izinto ezininzi zilityalwe yimbali.
Nangona kusekho isithethe se-automata kwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, ngenkulungwane ye-13, kwabakho umdla omtsha kwindalo nakwizixhobo ezenzelwe ukothusa abakhenkethi, yaye ezi mveliso nezixhobo zaphinda zavela kwiinkundla zaseYurophu.
Kukholelwa ukuba eli xesha laphenjelelwa kakhulu yimibhalo yesiGrike eguqulelwe kwisiLatini nesiTaliyane, nto leyo eyabangela umdla ekudaleni iingcali zezibalo nabaqambi bamandulo. Ukuvuselelwa kwe-automata eyaziwayo kwenzeka ngexesha le-Renaissance kunye neXesha lokuKhanya.
Ngaphambili, iteknoloji ye-automata yayixhaswe nge-hydraulics (amanzi), i-pneumatics (umoya kunye nomphunga), okanye umxhuzulane (ngobunzima), owawunciphisa kakhulu ubunzima kunye nobukhulu bezixhobo. I-automata encinci kakhulu kunye neyinkimbinkimbi ifuna ukuvela kobuchwepheshe obutsha.
Ngokuxhaphaka kokwamkelwa kobunjineli obuphambili, bezibalo, kunye neenkqubo zobuchwepheshe (ezifana nokwenza iiwotshi) kunye nesayensi yesinyithi (esetyenziselwa ukwenza imithombo), isakhono sokwenza oomatshini abantsonkothileyo ngokwenene (kunye nabahle) baye banda.
Kangangamakhulu eminyaka, siye sangena kwinto endiyigqala njengegolide ye-automata, xa eminye yeyona mizekelo idumileyo isekho. Kukho imizekelo emininzi emihle, kwaye abantu abaninzi banokucinga ukuba ingcamango ye-automata ubukhulu becala ivela kwelo xesha.
Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-15 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, i-automata yaphuhliswa ngokunxuseneyo neewotshi, iiwotshi, noomatshini bemizi-mveliso, ilandelela ngokungekho sikweni inkqubela yokuyila nokuveliswa koomatshini.
IJapan kunye neTshayina zisenamandla kulo mba, kwaye nasemva kwesiphithiphithi sobukhosi, imizekelo emangalisayo yeli xesha isafunyanwa. EJapan, ukwenziwa koonopopi abangoomatshini be “karakuri” banesithethe eside ukusuka phakathi koo-1660 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.
Abavelisi bezixhobo zezixhobo, abenzi beewotshi, abakhandi bezitshixo, abaqambi, kunye namagqwirha baye benza iautomata emangalisa ngokwenene, nangona zisafana naloo makhulu ukuya kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, kodwa ngoku inxina kwaye intsonkothile.
Iinkcukacha ngeClock ye-Astronomical Clock yaseStrasbourg Cathedral, eFransi (Ifoto ngoncedo lweTangopaso/Wikipedia Commons)
Ukuveliswa kwewotshi yanamhlanje ye-cuckoo kwenzeka ngeli xesha, enokuthi yavela kwimizekelo yokuqala yeewotshi zedolophu ezinkulu, apho oonobumba be-animated baqulethwe koomatshini abadumileyo abafana neewotshi zeenkwenkwezi eStrasbourg nasePrague. Iqhude elihonjisiweyo kuguqulelo lokuqala lweyona ndawo idumileyo yecathedral yaseStrasbourg, ngoku ebekwe kwindawo yolondolozo lwembali yobugcisa besixeko, ithathwa njengeyona automata indala yehlabathi.
Eqhutywa yingcinga yentanda-bulumko kaRené Descartes nabanye, ubungakanani bobomi kunye noomatshini abancinci ngakumbi baye bavela. Wayekholelwa ukuba izilwanyana zingoomatshini nje abantsonkothileyo abanokwakhiwa.
Idada lokwetyisa elitsalwa nguJacques de Vaucanson (ifoto ekwabelwana ngayo yiScientific American/Wikipedia)
Oku akusiyo ingcamango entsha ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ikhokelela ekugxininiseni kwi-automata yezilwanyana, ezinye zazo ezingaphaya komgangatho weengcamango zangaphambili. Umzekelo onomdla yidada lokwetyisa, elifana nedada ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa eyona nto ikhethekileyo kukuba itya ukutya kwe-granular kwaye emva koko ibonakala ngathi inentshukumo yamathumbu.
Kubaphulaphuli banamhlanje, akumangalisi ukuba i-automata ayikutyisi ukutya, kodwa injineli yaseFransi uJacques de Vaucanson wasebenzisa ngokucacileyo oko ukulandela ubunyani bamandulo bendalo.
Asifanele sihleke kakhulu: u-de Vaucanson wayenguvulindlela kwiinkalo ezininzi (kubandakanywa nokuveliswa kwe-loom ezenzekelayo kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-lathe yokuqala yentsimbi), wakha oko kukholelwa ukuba yi-automaton yokuqala ye-biomechanical, i-flute. umdlali, Iyakwazi ukudlala iingoma ezilishumi elinambini ezahlukeneyo. Wenza nomdlali wentambula. Ukuphefumlelwa kwezi zimbini ze-automata zavela kwikhosi ye-anatomy yengcibi yaseFransi.
Eli yayilixesha labalindi abadumileyo uPierre Jaquet-Droz kunye noHenri Maillardet, abadale enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ze-humanoid automata ezinokuzoba imifanekiso, isayine kwaye ibhale imiyalezo elula.
Embindini wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba (malunga ne-1860) ukuya kutsho ngo-1910 kwakugqalwa “njengexesha legolide le-automata” (kwakukho nencwadi enegama elifanayo), kuba uguqulo lwemizi-mveliso lwabangela ukuba kuvele inani elikhulu leenxalenye zoomatshini ezisemgangathweni. kunye nenani leenkampani ezivelisa i-automata landa. Kulula ukwenza. Amawakawaka eentaka ze-automata kunye neengoma zoomatshini zathunyelwa kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye zazisaziwa ngabaqokeleli de kwangaphambi kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ingxaki yoqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nezimo zengqondo eziziswe ziintlekele ezitshabalalisayo zeemfazwe zehlabathi ziye zatshintsha izinto eziphambili kulo lonke elaseYurophu (enye yamaziko okuvelisa i-automata), kunye nokudalwa kwe-automata akusasebenzi kwisenzo esibanzi. Nangona ingazange iphele tu kwaphela eYurophu, eAsia okanye eUnited States of America, ukuyilwa ngoomatshini kwathabath’ indawo kwicala lobugcisa, kuba ukuhambela phambili kombane nobugcisa bokwenza izinto kwenza ukuba kube lula ukwenza iautomata.
Okwethutyana, iinkampani bezigxile ekudaleni ubugcisa obuhle nge-automata, okanye ekwenzeni izixhobo ezifana nethoyizi. Ngoku kwixesha le-Intanethi, sibonile ukuvuselelwa kwezi projekthi kuba abantu baphinde bavezwa kwimiba enomtsalane kodwa enomdla ye-automata-unokufumana imizekelo emininzi enomdla kunye nexabiso eliphantsi kwi-Intanethi.
Nangona inokuba yinto ephazamisayo kwabo bathanda ubugcisa bobugcisa kunye nobunjineli obumangalisayo be-automata, ixabiso elifikelelekayo livumela abantu ukuba bangene ngokulula kwihlabathi lemigaqo yobunjineli nge-automata enomdla.
Oku kundinika ukuqonda okuneenkcukacha malunga nendlela imigaqo yomatshini elula edityanisiweyo ukuyila olona yilo lumangalisayo embalini.
Nabani na onikela ingqalelo kwi-automata ephezulu namhlanje, kuyacaca ukuba ubunjineli obungaqhelekanga bunokudityaniswa nobuchwephesha bobugcisa obunomtsalane ukufezekisa iinjongo ezimangalisayo. Kodwa nakwimizekelo ekumgangatho ophezulu, imigaqo yokuqhuba i-automata ngokusisiseko iyafana naleyo isetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane, kuba uninzi lwayo lusekwe kwimigaqo yomatshini elula kakhulu yokuvelisa intshukumo.
Ndifuna ukuthi i-95% ye-automata isebenzisa imigaqo emihlanu esisiseko yokwenza intshukumo, kwaye kuphela kwiimeko ezinqabileyo ezisetyenziswayo ezingahambelani nezi ndidi. Iindidi zezi zilandelayo: amavili, iipuli, iigiya, iikhamera kunye neentonga zokudibanisa. Ukuba bendingumntu oncamathelayo, bendinokudibanisa amavili, iipuli kunye neegiya zibe liqela elikhulu. Kodwa izenzo abazenzayo zahlukile kwaye zingasetyenziselwa izenzo ezizodwa, ngoko ke masibambelele kwiindidi ezintlanu ngokubanzi.
Eyokuqala livili. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iqhuba ngokulula kwi-axis ukuvumela into ukuba ijikeleze, okanye idale intshukumo yomgca kuwo wonke umatshini ngokusekelwe kwi-automaton, iqhube njengemoto yomkhweli okanye uloliwe, okanye isebenzisa amavili afihliweyo ukudala izilwanyana. yentshukumo.
Ivili inokuba kukuqhuba kwangaphakathi komnye umatshini, okanye inokuba licandelo lokugqibela kwitsheyini yoomatshini. Umzekelo omhle wecandelo lesiphelo livili yiwotshi ye-cuckoo, ebonakaliswe ngendandatho yomlingiswa ophuma ngaphakathi kwi-clock body, ngokuqhelekileyo ifakwe ecaleni kwevili elilula.
Iipulleys kukuvela kwamavili kuba ziyakwazi ukugudiswa okanye zinamazinyo kunye ne-mesh ngamatyathanga okanye amabhanti ukuhambisa ukujikeleza kwizinto ezikude. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisimo, i-pulley inokuhambisa ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kwi-angle ethile ngokusebenzisa ibhanti eguquguqukayo (ngokuqhelekileyo ifunyenwe kumashishini ahlukeneyo amashishini amadala) kwaye inokubonelela ngokukhuselwa kwempembelelo kwindlela.
Ukutshintsha kwedamitha phakathi kweepuli ezimbini kunokunyusa okanye ukunciphisa isantya, kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi, kunokutshintsha ngokwenene ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Oku kusombulula ingxaki yokuba igalelo libuthathaka kakhulu ukuhambisa ngokuthe ngqo amacandelo amakhulu okanye linamandla kakhulu kwaye kufuneka lincitshiswe ukukhusela umatshini.
Kolunye uphuhliso, iigiya ziyi-pulleys enamazinyo, zenziwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zinokudityaniswa ngokuthe ngqo nenye ipuli enamazinyo.
Ezona zixhobo zamandulo zazichanekile kwaphela. Enye yezi giya yayinamavili amabini anxuseneyo aneentonga ezidityanisiweyo. La mavili adityaniswe nevili elinye eliphuma kumphetho kwizithuba ezilinganayo. Ezi zinokufumaneka kwi-automata yakudala kwi-China yakudala okanye eGrisi, kwaye zezona nxalenye ziphambili zezona wotshi ezinkulu zidumileyo kwihlabathi.
Kodwa ngokuhambela phambili kwetekhnoloji kunye nokuqonda ngakumbi kwejiyometri yegiya, ezona zixhobo zichanekileyo uya kuziqonda namhlanje, ezinokuthi zigqithise amandla amakhulu ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye, njengeepuli, zingasetyenziselwa ukutshintsha isantya, amandla okanye ukubonelela. umlinganiselo wexesha elichanekileyo (ngokucacileyo). Ukuveliswa kweegiya ezichanekileyo kuvumele oomatshini abantsonkothe kakhulu abasebenzisa iileva ezisisiseko ukufikelela kwisakhono sabo esipheleleyo.
Ikhamera yenye indlela endala kuba, ngokwemigaqo elula, livili elineshafti eccentric. Oku kuvelisa isindululo esiphindaphindayo esingaqhelekanga, esingasetyenziselwa ukuqhuba isindululo somgca. Umgaqo osisiseko usebenzisa amavili amile okwexesha elilodwa, ngokuqhelekileyo akwimo yegqabi elijikelezayo okanye i-spiral snail, kunye nomlandeli we-cam (umnwe olula okanye izinyo elihlala kumda we-periphery) ukuguqula intshukumo kwelinye ivili okanye intonga yokudibanisa, ngaloo ndlela yenza i-A. intshukumo ngasemva neyesine. Oku kunokuba yintshukumo esisiseko kakhulu okanye entsonkothe kakhulu, kodwa umgaqo uyafana.
Ibhloko yokugqibela yokwakha yintonga yokudibanisa, ebandakanya umlandeli wekhamera, i-lever, kunye ne-pivot arm esisiseko. Ezi zakhiwo zilula kakhulu, kodwa ngokwenene ziyimpawu eziphambili ezenza ukunyakaza kwi-automata. Intonga yokudibanisa iqulunqwe yintonga ejikelezayo kwi-axis enye, idibanisa ii-axes ezimbini kuzo zombini iziphelo, okanye idibanisa ii-axes ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu ukuze zenze indlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhamba.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-08-2021
