Automata: Zinsinsi zamatsenga za dziko lakale, zodabwitsa zamakina za Middle Ages, zodabwitsa zamakono za amisiri aluso. Chabwino, alliteration zokwanira.
Automata, automata, robot, automatic machine: Mawu onsewa amafotokoza gulu la makina omwe amawaona ngati amadziyendetsa okha ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito zomwe zidakonzedweratu chifukwa cha malangizo angapo opangiratu.
Cholemba cham'mbali cha nerds ya galamala: Automata ndi automata onse ndi mitundu yambiri yovomerezeka ya automata; komabe, "makina ogulitsa" ndi mtundu wa cafeteria womwe umawoneka ngati makina ogulitsa ndi chakudya mu cubicle , Idzatsegulidwa pamene ndalama imayikidwa.
Automata imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo imatha kuchita chilichonse chomwe anthu angaganize ndikuchipanga kukhala makina amakina.
Automata yomwe ndikufuna kuyang'ana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina yovuta yomwe mungawadziwe, monga mawotchi a cuckoo (mbalame zomwe zimatuluka pakhomo kuti zidziwe nthawi) kapena zoseweretsa zapamanja zanyama (monga akavalo, mbalame kapena nsomba. ) ndi Zochitika zosangalatsa.
Mbiri yakale imaphatikizapo mabokosi a nyimbo okhala ndi zifaniziro, mbalame zolira, ndi anthu ovuta kwambiri komanso ochititsa chidwi a Pierre Jaquet-Droz kujambula zithunzi, kulemba mawu, kapena kusewera zida zoimbira.
Ndidzawonetsa zitsanzo zambiri pambuyo pake, koma choyamba tiyeni timvetsetse mbiri ya automata kuyambira pachiyambi.
Amisiri anzeru ndi amisiri akhala akumanga automata kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo zolemba zina zidawoneka cha m'ma 1000 BC, zomwe ndi zaka 3000 zapitazo.
N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti zitsanzo za zikhalidwe zakale monga China, Girisi, ndi Roma zayiwalika m'mbiri kapena zikhoza kukhalapo ndi zolemba, zojambula, ndi zojambula. Anthu angaphatikizepo makina akale a Antikythera kuzungulira 100 BC pazokambirana, koma popeza izi sizingakhale makina odziwikiratu, koma kuwerengera kovuta komanso chowerengera, sindingaphatikizepo pano.
Zinthu zoyambirira nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ngati makina achipembedzo kuwonetsa mphamvu za atsogoleri kapena kudzutsa zochitika zauzimu poyendera malo opatulika monga akachisi. Komabe, ngakhale m'zaka za zana loyamba AD, ngwazi ya Alexander, yemwe amadziwika kuti adathandizira sayansi, masamu, ndi uinjiniya, adapanga sewero lamakina pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe, mfundo, magiya, ndi makina ena osavuta kuti amalize zomwe akuti zidatenga mphindi 10. .
Pogwiritsa ntchito ukatswiri wake pa zama hydraulic, pneumatics, ndi mechanics, Hero adapanga makina omwe amatha kugwira ntchito kuwonjezera pa zosangalatsa, monga ngolo zodziyendetsa okha, makina ogulitsa, zida zamphepo, ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zankhondo.
Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala mbiri yofananira ya automata: mbali yosangalatsa imaphatikizidwa ndi kupanga ndi uinjiniya kuti ilimbikitse ndikuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwamakina munjira zosangalatsa komanso nthawi zina zamatsenga.
Malingana ndi nthawi ndi malo m'mbiri, anthu okhulupirira malodza akhoza kukayikira automata, chifukwa anthu ambiri alibe chidziwitso choyamba ndi zipangizo zoterezi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nkhani ya chifaniziro chozizwitsa kapena chozizwitsa idzafalikira pagulu la anthu, koma kwenikweni ndi chipangizo chanzeru chopangidwa kuti chitsanzire chokumana nacho chodabwitsa.
M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, ambiri a dziko la "Western" anataya luso ndi luso lopanga makina oterowo. Byzantium ndi dziko lonse la Chiarabu linapitirizabe miyambo ya Agiriki (ndipo mwinamwake aku China, chifukwa cha malonda ndi Far East) ), amapanga makina ofanana ndi kulemba mapepala, monga "Buku pa Zida Zanzeru" ku Iraq yamakono kuzungulira. 850 AD.
Ma automata opangidwa ndi mainjiniya achisilamu ndi opanga ndi odabwitsa, zaka mazana ambiri m'mbuyomu kuposa zitsanzo zambiri zodziwika zaku Western. Islamic Golden Age pakati pa 780 ndi 1260 AD idawona kuphulika kwa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kofanana ndi nthawi iliyonse m'mbiri: anali maziko a miyambo yambiri ya asayansi aku Western.
Zolengedwa zanthawi ndi nthawi zimaphatikizirapo zolengedwa zopangidwa ndi anthu monga ziboliboli zamphepo, njoka, zinkhanira ndi mbalame zoyimba, zoyimba zitoliro zosinthika, mabwato okhala ndi magulu a roboti "anthu anayi", ndi manja owoneka bwino okhala ndi makina ochapira amakono okhala ndi makina ochapira. .
Panthaŵiyo, dziko la China lingakhale ndi mwambo wa zaka 2,000 wa automata, ndipo likupanga makina opangidwa ndi akambuku obangula, mbalame zoimba, mbalame zouluka, ngakhale mawotchi ovuta kwambiri a m’madzi okhala ndi manambala osunga nthaŵi.
Pali malongosoledwe a ziwonetsero za zidole zamakina, oimba oimba, ndi zinjoka zamakina, kungotchulapo zochepa chabe. N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti zinthu zambiri zimene zinalengedwa kapena zolembedwa zinawonongedwa pambuyo pake ndi ufumu wa Ming womwe unagonjetsedwa pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1400, zomwe zinachititsa kuti mbiri yakale iiwale zinthu zambiri.
Ngakhale kuti kumadera ena a ku Ulaya kuli mwambo wa automata, m’zaka za m’ma 1300, anthu anayambanso kuchita chidwi ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu odzaona malo.
Amakhulupirira kuti nthawi imeneyi inakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malemba achigiriki amene anawamasulira m’Chilatini ndi m’Chitaliyana, zimene zinachititsa chidwi kwambiri kuti akatswiri akale a masamu ndi atulukira zinthu zinawake. Kutsitsimuka kotchuka kwa automata kunachitika nthawi ya Renaissance ndi Enlightenment.
M'mbuyomu, teknoloji ya automata inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma hydraulics (madzi), pneumatics (mphepo ndi nthunzi), kapena mphamvu yokoka (ndi kulemera kwake), zomwe zinkalepheretsa kwambiri zovuta ndi kukula kwa zipangizo. Ma automata ang'onoang'ono komanso ovuta amafunikira kuwonekera kwa matekinoloje atsopano.
Chifukwa chofala kwambiri chaukadaulo, masamu, ndiukadaulo (monga kupanga mawotchi) ndi sayansi yazitsulo (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga akasupe), luso lopanga makina ovuta kwambiri (komanso okongola) lakula.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, takhala tikulowa mu nthawi yomwe ndimaona kuti ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri ya automata, pamene zitsanzo zina zodziwika bwino zilipobe. Pali zitsanzo zabwino zambiri, ndipo anthu ambiri angaganize kuti lingaliro la automata limachokera nthawi imeneyo.
Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1500 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, automata idapangidwa molingana ndi mawotchi, mawotchi, ndi makina a mafakitale, kutsatira mosavomerezeka momwe luso lamakono likuyendera komanso kupanga makina.
Japan ndi China akadali amphamvu pankhaniyi, ndipo ngakhale pambuyo pa chipwirikiti cha mzera wa mafumu, zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za nthawiyi zikupezekabe. Ku Japan, machitidwe a zidole zamakina a "karakuri" ali ndi miyambo yayitali kuyambira m'ma 1660 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20.
Opanga zida, opanga mawotchi, omanga maloko, opanga zinthu, ngakhale amatsenga apanga makina odabwitsa kwambiri, ngakhale kuti akadali ofanana ndi zaka mazana kapena masauzande apitawo, koma tsopano ndi ophatikizika komanso ovuta.
Tsatanetsatane wa Clock ya Astronomical Clock ya Strasbourg Cathedral, France (Chithunzi mwachilolezo cha Tangopaso/Wikipedia Commons)
Kupangidwa kwa wotchi yamakono ya cuckoo kunachitika panthawiyi, yomwe mwina idachokera ku zitsanzo zoyambirira za mawotchi akuluakulu amzindawu, pomwe zilembo zamakanema zimapezeka m'makina otchuka monga mawotchi a zakuthambo ku Strasbourg ndi Prague. Tambala wonyezimira m'gulu loyamba la tchalitchi chodziwika bwino cha Strasbourg, chomwe tsopano chili kumalo osungiramo zinthu zakale zokongoletsa zaluso mumzindawu, amadziwika kuti ndi makina akale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Motsogozedwa ndi malingaliro anzeru a René Descartes ndi ena, kukula kwa moyo ndi makina ang'onoang'ono awonekera. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti nyama ndi makina ovuta kwambiri a biomechanical omwe angathe kupangidwa.
Bakha wa m'mimba wojambulidwa ndi Jacques de Vaucanson (chithunzi chogawidwa ndi Scientific American/Wikipedia)
Ili si lingaliro latsopano, koma limatsogolera ku kutsindika kwa automata ya zinyama, zomwe zina ndizoposa zomwe zimaganiziridwa kale. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi ndi bakha wa m'mimba, yemwe amafanana ndi bakha m'njira zambiri, koma chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi chakuti amadya chakudya cha granular ndiyeno amawoneka kuti ali ndi matumbo.
Kwa omvera amakono, n'zosadabwitsa kuti automata sichigaya chakudya, koma injiniya wa ku France Jacques de Vaucanson anagwiritsa ntchito izo kuti atsatire zenizeni zakale za chilengedwe.
Sitiyenera kuseka kwambiri: de Vaucanson anali mpainiya m'magawo ambiri (kuphatikiza kupangidwa kwa makina opangira makina opangira makina opangira makina opangira makina opangira makina opangira zitsulo komanso kupanga zitsulo zoyamba zonse), adamanga zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndiye woyamba biomechanical automaton, chitoliro. player, Ikhoza kuimba nyimbo khumi ndi ziwiri zosiyana. Anapanganso woyimba maseche. Kudzoza kwa ma automata awiriwa kunachokera ku maphunziro a anatomy a dokotala wa opaleshoni waku France.
Iyi inalinso nthawi ya opanga mawotchi otchuka Pierre Jaquet-Droz ndi Henri Maillardet, omwe adapanga zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za humanoid automata zomwe zimatha Jambulani zithunzi, kusaina ndi kulemba mauthenga osavuta.
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900 (pafupifupi 1860) mpaka 1910 ankaonedwa kuti ndi "nthawi yamtengo wapatali ya automata" (panali ngakhale bukhu la dzina lomwelo), chifukwa kusintha kwa mafakitale kunachititsa kuti magawo ambiri ovomerezeka atuluke. ndipo kuchuluka kwa makampani omwe amapanga automata kuchulukirachulukira. Zosavuta kupanga. Mbalame zikwizikwi za automata ndi makina oimba nyimbo zidatumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zidali zodziwikabe ndi otolera mpaka nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanachitike.
Mosadabwitsa, vuto lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi komanso malingaliro osamala omwe amabweretsedwa ndi masoka owononga ankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi asintha zofunikira ku Europe yonse (imodzi mwa malo opangira automata), ndipo kupangidwa kwa automata sikukugwiranso ntchito pazochita zambiri. Ngakhale kuti sichinazimiririke kotheratu ku Ulaya, ku Asia kapena ku United States of America, kutulukira kwa makina kunaloŵerera m’malo mwa luso la zinthu, chifukwa kupita patsogolo kwa magetsi ndi luso la kupanga zinthu kunapangitsa kuti automata ikhale yosavuta kupanga.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, makampani adangoyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga zojambulajambula zokongola ndi automata, kapena kupanga zida zotsika mtengo ngati zoseweretsa. Tsopano mu nthawi ya intaneti, tawona kubwezeretsedwa kwa ntchitozi chifukwa anthu amawonekeranso kuzinthu zochititsa chidwi koma zosangalatsa za automata-mukhoza kupeza zitsanzo zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zotsika mtengo pa intaneti.
Ngakhale zitha kukhala zokhumudwitsa pang'ono kwa iwo omwe amakonda luso laukadaulo komanso uinjiniya wodabwitsa wa automata, mtengo wotsika mtengo umalola anthu kulowa mosavuta m'dziko laumisiri pogwiritsa ntchito makina osangalatsa.
Izi zinandipatsa kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane momwe mfundo zosavuta zamakina zimaphatikizidwira kupanga zina mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'mbiri.
Kwa aliyense amene amalabadira za automata yapamwamba kwambiri masiku ano, ndizodziwikiratu kuti uinjiniya wodabwitsa ukhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi zaluso zaluso zochititsa chidwi kuti akwaniritse zolinga zabwino. Koma ngakhale mu zitsanzo zapamwamba kwambiri, mfundo zoyendetsera automata ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri, chifukwa zambiri zimachokera ku mfundo zosavuta zamakina kuti apange kuyenda.
Ndikufuna kunena kuti 95% ya automata imagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zisanu zoyambira zamakina kupanga zoyenda, ndipo nthawi zambiri zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sizikugwirizana ndi maguluwa. Maguluwa ndi awa: mawilo, ma pulleys, magiya, makamera ndi ndodo zolumikizira. Ndikadakhala womata, ndimatha kuphatikiza mawilo, ma giya ndi magiya kukhala gulu lalikulu. Koma zochita zomwe amapanga ndizosiyana pang'ono ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zapadera, kotero tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito magulu asanu.
Choyamba ndi gudumu. Nthawi zambiri, zimangoyendetsa pa axis kuti chinthucho chizizungulira, kapena kupanga kayendedwe ka mzere kwa makina onse pogwiritsa ntchito automaton, amayendetsa ngati galimoto yonyamula anthu kapena sitima, kapena amagwiritsa ntchito mawilo obisika kuti apange zinyama. za mayendedwe.
Gudumu likhoza kukhala choyendetsa mkati mwa makina ena, kapena lingakhale gawo lomaliza mu unyolo wamakina. Chitsanzo chabwino cha chigawo chakumapeto kukhala gudumu ndi wotchi ya cuckoo, yomwe imadziwika ndi mphete ya khalidwe yomwe imatuluka mkati mwa thupi la wotchi, nthawi zambiri imamangiriridwa kumbali ya gudumu losavuta.
Pulleys ndi kusinthika kwa mawilo chifukwa amatha kukhala osalala kapena mano ndi mauna ndi unyolo kapena malamba kuti atumize kuzungulira kuzinthu zakutali. Malingana ndi momwe zimakhalira, pulley imatha kutumiza kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.
Kusintha kwapakati pakati pa ma pulleys awiriwa kumatha kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa liwiro, koma koposa zonse, kumatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zimathetsa vutoli kuti zolowetsazo ndizofooka kwambiri kuti zisunthire mwachindunji zigawo zazikulu kapena zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri ndipo ziyenera kuchepetsedwa kuti ziteteze makinawo.
Kupititsa patsogolo, magiyawo ndi ma pulleys okhala ndi mano, amapangidwa molondola kwambiri ndipo amatha kulumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi pulley ina ya mano.
Magiya oyambirira anali olakwika m’pang’ono pomwe. Giya imodzi inali ndi mawilo awiri ofanana okhala ndi mipata yolumikizana. Mawilowa ankakhala ndi gudumu limodzi lotuluka m’mphepete mwake ndi mipata yofanana. Izi zitha kupezeka mu automata yakale kwambiri ku China kapena Greece wakale, ndipo ndizo zigawo zikuluzikulu za mawotchi akuluakulu otchuka padziko lonse lapansi.
Koma ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kumvetsetsa kwina kwa geometry ya zida, zida zenizeni zomwe mungazindikire lero zidayamba, zomwe zimatha kutumiza mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri molondola kwambiri, ndipo, monga ma pulleys, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha liwiro, mphamvu kapena kupereka. chiŵerengero cholondola cha nthawi (mwachiwonekere). Kupangidwa kwa magiya olondola kunalola makina ovuta kwambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma levers oyambira kuti akwaniritse zonse zomwe angathe.
Kamera ndi njira ina yakale kwambiri chifukwa, m'mawu osavuta, ndi gudumu lomwe lili ndi shaft ya eccentric. Izi zimapanga kuyenda kobwerezabwereza kosagwirizana, komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka mzere. Mfundo yofunikira imagwiritsa ntchito mawilo ooneka ngati apadera, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati tsamba lozungulira kapena nkhono yozungulira, yokhala ndi chotsatira cha cam (chala chosavuta kapena dzino lokhala pamphepete) kuti atembenuzire ku gudumu lina kapena ndodo yolumikizira, potero kupanga A. kuyenda mmbuyo ndi chachinayi. Izi zitha kukhala zoyambira kwambiri kapena zovuta kwambiri, koma mfundo yake ndi yofanana.
Chomangira chomaliza ndi ndodo yolumikizira, yomwe imaphatikizapo chotsatira cha cam, lever, ndi mkono woyambira wa pivot. Zomangamangazi ndizosavuta, koma kwenikweni ndizo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimapanga kuyenda mu automata. Ndodo yolumikizira imapangidwa ndi ndodo yomwe imazungulira mozungulira mzere umodzi, imagwirizanitsa nkhwangwa ziwiri kumbali zonse ziwiri, kapena kugwirizanitsa nkhwangwa zitatu kapena kuposerapo kuti apange njira yovuta yoyendayenda.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-08-2021
