Automata: Amayobera yubumaji yisi ya kera, ibitangaza byubukanishi bwo hagati, ibitangaza bigezweho byabanyabukorikori. Nibyiza, alliteration ihagije.
Automata, automata, robot, imashini yikora: Aya magambo yose asobanura icyiciro cyimashini zifatwa nkizikora kandi zishobora gukora imirimo cyangwa ibikorwa byateguwe mbere yuruhererekane rwamabwiriza yabigenewe mbere.
Icyitonderwa kuruhande rwikibonezamvugo: Automata na automata byombi byemewe muburyo bwinshi bwa automata; icyakora, "imashini yo kugurisha" ni ubwoko bwa cafeteria isa na mashini yo kugurisha ifite ibiryo muri cubicle, Izafungura mugihe hinjijwe igiceri.
Automata irashobora kugira imiterere nubunini butandukanye, kandi irashobora gukora ikintu icyo aricyo cyose abantu bashobora gutekereza no gushushanya muburyo bwa mashini.
Automatike ndashaka kwibandaho ni verisiyo zimwe na zimwe zigoye ushobora kuba umenyereye, nk'amasaha ya cuckoo (inyoni zisohoka mu muryango kugirango zimenyekanishe igihe) cyangwa ibikinisho byoroheje bikoreshwa mu ntoki ibikinisho bya desktop (nk'amafarasi, inyoni cyangwa amafi) ) n'amashusho ashimishije.
Amateka yamateka arimo agasanduku k'umuziki karimo amashusho, inyoni zivuga, hamwe n'abantu bigoye cyane kandi biteye ubwoba byakozwe na Pierre Jaquet-Droz gushushanya amashusho, kwandika interuro, cyangwa gucuranga ibikoresho bya muzika.
Nzatangiza izindi ngero nyuma, ariko tubanze twumve amateka ya automata kuva mbere.
Ba injeniyeri b'abanyabukorikori n'abanyabukorikori bagiye bubaka automatike kuva kera, kandi inyandiko zimwe zagaragaye nko mu 1000 mbere ya Yesu, ni imyaka irenga 3000 ishize.
Ikibabaje ni uko ingero ziva mu mico ya kera nk'Ubushinwa, Ubugereki, na Roma zaba zaribagiwe n'amateka cyangwa zishobora kubaho gusa binyuze mu nyandiko, gushushanya, no gushushanya. Abantu barashobora gushiramo uburyo bwa Antikythera bwa kera nko mu 100 mbere ya Yesu mubiganiro, ariko kubera ko ibyo bidashobora kuba imashini yikora, ariko kubara no kubara bigoye, ntabwo nzabishyira hano.
Ibintu byambere byakozwe muburyo bwimashini zamadini kugirango zerekane imbaraga zabayobozi cyangwa kubyutsa uburambe bwumwuka mugihe usuye ahantu hera nkinsengero. Icyakora, no mu kinyejana cya mbere nyuma ya Yesu, intwari ya Alexandre, uzwiho uruhare mu bumenyi, imibare, n’ubuhanga, yakoze umukino wo gukanika imashini akoresheje imigozi, ipfundo, ibikoresho, nizindi mashini zoroshye kugirango arangize bivugwa ko yamaze iminota 10 .
Yifashishije ubuhanga bwe muri hydraulics, pneumatics, na mashini, Intwari yahimbye imashini zishobora gukora imirimo usibye imyidagaduro, nk'amagare ashobora kwikorera imodoka, imashini zicuruza, ingingo z'umuyaga, n'imashini zitandukanye z'intambara.
Ubusanzwe naya mateka abangikanye na automata: uruhande rushimishije rwahujwe nubuvumbuzi nubuhanga kugirango bitere kandi byerekane iterambere ryubukanishi muburyo bushimishije kandi rimwe na rimwe.
Ukurikije igihe n’ahantu mu mateka, abasivili batemera imiziririzo barashobora kureba automatike bakeka, kubera ko abantu benshi badafite uburambe bwibikoresho nkibi. Ibi bivuze ko inkuru yikigirwamana cyigitangaza cyangwa igitangaza izakwira mubantu benshi, ariko mubyukuri nigikoresho cyubuhanga cyagenewe kwigana ibintu byamayobera.
Mu Gihe Hagati, benshi mu “Burengerazuba” batakaje ubumenyi n'ubumenyi bwo gukora imashini nk'izo. Byzantium hamwe n’isi yose y’abarabu bakomeje imigenzo y’Abagereki (kandi birashoboka ko ari Abashinwa, bitewe n’ubucuruzi n’Uburasirazuba bwa kure)), bakora imashini zisa kandi bandika impapuro, nka “Igitabo kivuga ku bikoresho by’ubwenge” muri Iraki y'ubu 850 nyuma ya Yesu.
Automatike yakozwe naba injeniyeri b'abayisilamu n'abavumbuzi rwose ni igitangaza, ibinyejana mbere ugereranije n'ingero nyinshi zizwi zo mu Burengerazuba. Igihe cya zahabu ya kisilamu hagati ya 780 na 1260 nyuma ya Yesu habaye iturika ryiterambere rya siyansi ugereranije nigihe icyo aricyo cyose cyamateka: niryo shingiro ryimigenzo myinshi yubumenyi bwiburengerazuba.
Automata kuva kera no mu turere twa geografiya harimo ibiremwa byakozwe n'abantu nk'ibishusho by'umuyaga, inzoka, sikorupiyo n'inyoni ziririmba, abavuza imyironge ishobora gutegurwa, ubwato bufite imashini za robo “abantu bane”, hamwe n'amaboko afatika hamwe na mashini yo kumesa ya Automatic ikoresheje uburyo bwo gukaraba. .
Icyo gihe, Ubushinwa bushobora kuba bufite umuco wimyaka ibihumbi bibiri byimodoka, kandi burimo gukora automatike igizwe ningwe zivuga, inyoni ziririmba, inyoni ziguruka, ndetse nisaha y'amazi igoye ifite nimero yigihe.
Hano haribisobanuro byerekana imashini yikinisho yerekana, orchestre yikora, hamwe na dragon ya mashini, kugirango tuvuge bike. Ikibabaje ni uko ibintu byinshi byaremwe cyangwa byanditswe nyuma byaje gusenywa n’ingoma ya Ming yigaruriwe hagati mu kinyejana cya 14, bituma ibintu byinshi byibagirana n'amateka.
Nubwo hakiri umuco wa automatike mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’Uburayi, mu kinyejana cya 13, hongeye gushishikazwa n’ibiremwa n’ibikoresho byagenewe guhungabanya ba mukerarugendo, kandi ibyo bicuruzwa n’ibikoresho byongeye kugaragara mu nkiko zo mu Burayi.
Iki gihe gikekwa ko ahanini cyatewe ninyandiko z'ikigereki zahinduwe mu kilatini no mu gitaliyani, zashishikarije abantu guhanga imibare ya kera n'abashakashatsi. Ibyamamare bizwi cyane byabayeho mugihe cya Renaissance na Kumurikirwa.
Mubihe byashize, tekinoroji ya automata yakoreshwaga na hydraulics (amazi), pneumatics (umuyaga na parike), cyangwa uburemere (kuburemere), byagabanije cyane ubunini nubunini bwibikoresho. Imashini ntoya cyane kandi igoye isaba kugaragara kwikoranabuhanga rishya.
Hamwe nogukwirakwiza kwinshi muburyo bwa tekinoroji yubuhanga, imibare, na tekinoroji (nko gukora amasaha) hamwe na siyanse ya metallurgjiya (ikoreshwa mu gukora amasoko), ubushobozi bwo gukora imashini zigoye (kandi nziza) zateye imbere.
Kumyaka amagana, twinjiye mubyo mbona ko ari ibihe bya zahabu ya automata, mugihe zimwe murugero zizwi ziracyariho. Hariho ingero nyinshi nziza, kandi abantu benshi bashobora gutekereza ko igitekerezo cya automata gikomoka ahanini muricyo gihe.
Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 15 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, automatike yateye imbere ibangikanye n'amasaha, amasaha, n'imashini zikoreshwa mu nganda, ikurikirana mu buryo butemewe iterambere ry'udushya no guhanga imashini.
Ubuyapani n'Ubushinwa biracyafite imbaraga muri urwo rwego, ndetse na nyuma y’imivurungano y’ingoma, haracyagaragara ingero nziza ziki gihe. Mu Buyapani, imyitozo y’ibikinisho bya “karakuri” ifite umuco muremure kuva hagati ya 1660 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20.
Abakora ibikoresho, abakora amasaha, abanyabukorikori, abahimbyi, ndetse nabapfumu bakoze amamodoka atangaje rwose, nubwo arasa naya myaka magana kugeza ibihumbi ishize, ariko ubu aroroshye kandi arakomeye.
Ibisobanuro birambuye ku isaha ya Astronomiya ya Katedrali ya Strasbourg, mu Bufaransa (Ifoto dukesha Tangopaso / Wikipedia Commons)
Ivumburwa ryisaha ya kijyambere ya kijyambere ryabaye muri iki gihe, rishobora kuba ryarahindutse kuva ku ngero za mbere z’amasaha manini yo mu mujyi, aho inyuguti za animasiyo ziri mu mashini zizwi nk’amasaha y’inyenyeri i Strasbourg na Prague. Isake ya zahabu muri verisiyo yambere ya cathedrale izwi cyane ya Strasbourg, ubu iri mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubukorikori yo muri uyu mujyi, ifatwa nk’imodoka za kera cyane ku isi.
Bitewe nibitekerezo bya filozofiya ya René Descartes nabandi, ubunini bwubuzima nizindi mashini ntoya byagaragaye. Yizeraga ko inyamaswa ari imashini zikoresha ibinyabuzima zishobora kubakwa.
Inkongoro y'ibiryo yashushanijwe na Jacques de Vaucanson (ifoto yasangiwe na Scientific American / Wikipedia)
Iki ntabwo ari igitekerezo gishya rwose, ariko biganisha ku gushimangira inyamanswa zinyamanswa, zimwe murizo zirenze ibyo twatekereje mbere. Urugero rushimishije nigisimba cyigifu, gisa nimbwa muburyo bwinshi, ariko ikidasanzwe nuko irya ibiryo bya granula hanyuma bigasa nkaho bifite amara.
Kubateze amatwi bigezweho, ntabwo bitangaje kuba automatike idasya ibiryo, ariko injeniyeri w’umufaransa Jacques de Vaucanson yakoresheje neza ko kugirango akurikirane ibintu bya kamere bya kamere.
Ntidukwiye guseka cyane: de Vaucanson yari umupayiniya mubice byinshi (harimo no kuvumbura icyuma cyikora no kubaka umusarani wambere wibyuma byose), yubatse icyitwa ko ari moteri yambere ya biomehanike, umwironge umukinnyi, Irashobora gucuranga indirimbo cumi na zibiri zitandukanye. Yubatse kandi umucuranga wa tambourine. Guhishurirwa kuri automata zombi byaturutse kumasomo ya anatomy yumubaga wumufaransa.
Iki kandi cyari igihe cyabakora amasaha azwi cyane Pierre Jaquet-Droz na Henri Maillardet, bakoze amamodoka atangaje ya humanoid yashoboraga gushushanya, gusinya no kwandika ubutumwa bworoshye.
Hagati y'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda (ahagana mu 1860) kugeza mu 1910 byafatwaga nk '“igihe cyizahabu cya automata” (hari n'igitabo cyitiriwe izina rimwe), kubera ko impinduramatwara mu nganda yatumye umubare munini w'ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa, n'umubare w'amasosiyete akora automata yagwiriye. Byoroshye gukora. Ibihumbi n'ibihumbi by'inyoni zo mu bwoko bwa firime na mashini zoherejwe mu mahanga ku isi hose, kandi byari bikunzwe n'abaterankunga kugeza mbere y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose.
Ntabwo bitangaje, ikibazo cyubukungu bwisi yose hamwe n imyumvire yibitekerezo byazanywe namakuba yangiza yintambara yisi yose byahinduye ibyihutirwa byu Burayi bwose (kimwe mubigo bitanga amamodoka), kandi gushiraho automatike ntibikoreshwa mubikorwa bigari. Nubwo itigeze ibura burundu mu Burayi, muri Aziya cyangwa muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, guhanga imashini byahaye umwanya ubuhanzi ibintu, kubera ko iterambere ry’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda ryatumaga automatike yoroha kubyara.
Mu gihe gito, ibigo byibanze ku gukora ibihangano byiza hamwe na automata, cyangwa gukora ibikoresho bihenze nkibikinisho. Noneho mugihe cya enterineti, twabonye ubuzima bushya bwiyi mishinga kuko abantu bongeye guhura nibintu bitangaje ariko bishimishije bya automata-urashobora kubona ingero nyinshi zishimishije kandi zihenze kurubuga rwa interineti.
Nubwo bishobora kuba bitesha umutwe kubantu bakunda ubukorikori bwubuhanzi nubuhanga buhebuje bwa automata, igiciro gihenze cyemerera abantu kwinjira muburyo bworoshye bwamahame yubuhanga binyuze mumashanyarazi ashimishije.
Ibi byampaye gusobanukirwa birambuye uburyo amahame yoroshye yubukanishi yahujwe no gukora bimwe mubintu bitangaje byavumbuwe mumateka.
Kubantu bose bitaye kumashanyarazi yo murwego rwohejuru uyumunsi, biragaragara ko ubwubatsi budasanzwe bushobora guhuzwa nubukorikori butangaje bwubuhanzi kugirango tugere ku ntego nziza. Ariko no muburorero bufite ireme-bwiza, amahame yo gutwara ibinyabiziga ahanini arasa nayakoreshejwe mu binyejana byinshi, kuko inyinshi muri zo zishingiye ku mahame yoroshye yubukorikori kugirango atange icyerekezo.
Ndashaka kuvuga ko 95% ya automata ikoresha amahame atanu yubukanishi kugirango ikore icyerekezo, kandi mubihe bidasanzwe ni ibintu bikoreshwa bidahuye nibyiciro. Ibyiciro nibi bikurikira: ibiziga, pulleys, ibikoresho, cams hamwe ninkoni zihuza. Iyo nza kuba inkingi, nashoboraga guhuza ibiziga, pulleys na gare mumatsinda manini. Ariko ibikorwa barema biratandukanye kandi birashobora gukoreshwa mubikorwa byihariye, reka rero dukomere kumyanya itanu rusange.
Iya mbere ni uruziga. Mubihe byinshi, igenda gusa kumurongo kugirango yemere ikintu kuzunguruka, cyangwa ikora umurongo ugana imashini yose ishingiye kuri automaton, ikayitwara nkimodoka itwara abagenzi cyangwa gariyamoshi, cyangwa ikoresha ibiziga byihishe kurema inyamaswa Ibitekerezo. yo kugenda.
Uruziga rushobora kuba imbere yimbere yubundi buryo, cyangwa birashobora kuba igice cyanyuma murwego rwumukanishi. Urugero rwiza rwibice byanyuma ni uruziga nisaha ya cuckoo, irangwa nimpeta yimiterere igaragara imbere mumubiri wisaha, mubisanzwe ifatanye kuruhande rwuruziga rworoshye.
Pulleys ni ubwihindurize bwibiziga kuko birashobora kuba byoroshye cyangwa iryinyo kandi bigahinduka iminyururu cyangwa umukandara kugirango byohereze kuzenguruka mubintu bya kure. Ukurikije igenamiterere, pulley irashobora kwanduza uruziga ku nguni runaka binyuze mu mukandara woroshye (ubusanzwe uboneka ku mashini zitandukanye zashaje) kandi irashobora gutanga ingaruka zo kurinda uburyo.
Impinduka ya diameter hagati yimpande zombi irashobora kwiyongera cyangwa kugabanya umuvuduko, ariko cyane cyane, irashobora guhindura mubyukuri imbaraga zikoreshwa. Ibi bikemura ikibazo ko ibyinjijwe ari intege nke kuburyo bidashobora kwimura ibice binini cyangwa birakomeye kandi bigomba kugabanuka kugirango birinde uburyo.
Muyindi terambere, ibyuma byinyo byinyo byinyo, bikozwe neza cyane kandi birashobora guhurizwa hamwe nindi pulley yinyo.
Ibikoresho bya mbere ntabwo byari ukuri rwose. Kimwe mu bikoresho byari bifite ibiziga bibiri bisa hamwe n'inkoni zingana zingana. Izi nziga zashushanyijeho uruziga rumwe rwasohotse ruva ku nkombe ku nkoni zingana. Ibi birashobora kuboneka mumashanyarazi ya kera cyane mubushinwa bwa kera cyangwa mubugereki, kandi nibice byingenzi bigize amwe mumasaha manini azwi kwisi.
Ariko hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga hamwe no kurushaho gusobanukirwa ibyuma bya geometrie, ibikoresho byukuri uzamenya uyumunsi byabayeho, bishobora kohereza imbaraga nini cyane, kandi, nka pulleys, birashobora gukoreshwa muguhindura umuvuduko, imbaraga cyangwa Gutanga Ikigereranyo cyigihe cyagenwe (biragaragara). Ivumburwa ryibikoresho bisobanutse byatumaga imashini zigoye cyane zikoresha ibyuma byibanze kugirango bigere kubushobozi bwuzuye.
Ingamiya nubundi buryo bwa kera kuko, mumagambo yoroshye, ni uruziga rufite uruzitiro rudasanzwe. Ibi bitanga icyerekezo kidasanzwe cyo gusubiramo, gishobora gukoreshwa mugutwara umurongo. Ihame ryibanze rikoresha ibiziga bifite imiterere yihariye, mubisanzwe muburyo bwikibabi cyizengurutsa cyangwa urusenda ruzunguruka, hamwe numukurikira wa kamera (urutoki rworoshye cyangwa iryinyo ryiruhukiye kuri peripheri) kugirango uhindure icyerekezo kurundi ruziga cyangwa inkoni ihuza, bityo bigakora A gusubira inyuma na kane. Ibi birashobora kuba ibintu byibanze cyangwa bigoye cyane, ariko ihame nimwe.
Inyubako yanyuma yubatswe ninkoni ihuza, ikubiyemo abakurikira kamera, lever, hamwe nintoki yibanze ya pivot. Izi nyubako ziroroshye cyane, ariko mubyukuri nibintu byingenzi bitera kugenda muri automata. Inkoni ihuza igizwe ninkoni izenguruka umurongo umwe, ihuza amashoka abiri kumpande zombi, cyangwa ihuza amashoka atatu cyangwa menshi kugirango ikore inzira igoye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-08-2021
