Automata: Zvakavanzika zvemashiripiti zvenyika yekare, zvishamiso zvemagetsi zveMiddle Ages, zvishamiso zvemazuva ano zvevanyanzvi vemhizha. Zvakanaka, alliteration yakakwana.
Automata, otomatiki, robhoti, otomatiki muchina: Mazwi ese aya anotsanangura kirasi yemichina inoonekwa seyakazvishanda uye inogona kuita pre-yakarongwa mabasa kana maoparesheni nekuda kweakatemerwa mirairo yemuchina.
Padivi pechinyorwa chegirama nerds: Automata uye automata ese ari maviri epamutemo akawanda ezvinyorwa zve automata; zvisinei, "vending muchina" imhando yekudyira inoita semuchina wekutengesa une chikafu mu cubicle , Ichavhura kana mari yaiswa.
Automata inogona kuve nemhando dzakasiyana uye saizi, uye inogona kuita chero chinhu icho vanhu vanogona kufungidzira uye kugadzira kuita mechanic system.
Iyo automata yandinoda kutarisa pairi ndedzimwe dzakaoma vhezheni dzaungave uchijairana nadzo, senge cuckoo wachi (shiri dzinobuda kunze kwemusuwo kuti dzitaure nguva) kana mhuka yakapusa-yakarembera matoyi edesktop (semabhiza, shiri kana hove. ) uye maScenes anonakidza.
Historical automata inosanganisira mabhokisi emimhanzi ane zvidhori, shiri dzinorira, uye zvakaoma zvikuru uye zvinoshamisa zvimiro zvevanhu naPierre Jaquet-Droz ekudhirowa mifananidzo, kunyora mazwi, kana kuridza zviridzwa zviridzwa.
Ini ndichasuma mimwe mienzaniso gare gare, asi chekutanga ngatinzwisise nhoroondo ye automata kubva pakutanga.
Akangwara mainjiniya uye mhizha vave vachivaka otomatiki kwenguva yakareba, uye mamwe marekodhi akaonekwa seanosvika 1000 BC, anodarika makore 3000 apfuura.
Zvinosuruvarisa, mienzaniso yetsika dzekare dzakaita seChina, Girisi, neRoma dzakakanganwika nenhoroondo kana kuti dzinogona kurarama kuburikidza nezvinyorwa, mifananidzo, uye mifananidzo. Vanhu vanogona kusanganisira yekare Antikythera michina yakapoteredza 100 BC muhurukuro, asi sezvo izvi zvingasava muchina otomatiki, asi kuverenga kwakaoma uye karukureta, ini handisi kuzoisanganisira pano.
Zvinhu zvekutanga zvinowanzogadzirwa semichina yechitendero kuratidza simba revatungamiriri kana kumutsa zviitiko zvemweya kana uchishanyira nzvimbo dzinoyera sematemberi. Nekudaro, kunyangwe muzana ramakore rekutanga AD, gamba raAlexander, raizivikanwa nekupa kwaakaita sainzi, masvomhu, nehuinjiniya, akagadzira mutambo wemuchina uchishandisa tambo, mapfundo, magiya nemimwe michina iri nyore kuti apedze iyo inonzi yakatora maminitsi gumi. .
Achishandisa hunyanzvi hwake mumagetsi, pneumatics, uye makanika, Gamba akagadzira michina inokwanisa kuita mabasa mukuwedzera kune varaidzo, senge ngoro dzinozvifambisa, michina yekutengesa, nhengo dzemhepo, uye michina yehondo yakasiyana.
Iyi kazhinji ndiyo nhoroondo yakafanana yeautomata: iyo inonakidza divi inosanganiswa nekugadzirwa uye engineering kukurudzira uye kuratidza kufambira mberi kwemichina nenzira dzinonakidza uye dzimwe nguva dzemashiripiti.
Zvichienderana nenguva nenzvimbo munhoroondo, vanhu vanotenda mashura vanogona kuona automata nekunyumwira, nekuti vanhu vazhinji havana ruzivo rwekutanga nemidziyo yakadaro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nyaya yechifananidzo chishamiso kana chishamiso chichapararira muboka rose, asi chaizvoizvo chigadziro cheuchenjeri chakagadzirirwa kutevedzera chiitiko chisinganzwisisiki.
MuMiddle Ages, vazhinji ve "Western" nyika vakarasikirwa neunyanzvi uye ruzivo rwekuita michina yakadaro. Byzantium nenyika dzeArabhu dzakaenderera mberi netsika dzevaGiriki (uye pamwe maChinese, nekuda kwekutengeserana neFar East)), vakagadzira michina yakafanana uye kunyora mapepa, akadai se "Bhuku pamusoro peMidziyo Yakangwara" muIraq yanhasi kutenderera. 850 AD.
Iyo otomatiki yakagadzirwa nevainjiniya vechiMuslim uye vanogadzira inoshamisa, mazana emakore apfuura pane yakawanda yakakurumbira mienzaniso yekuMadokero. Iyo Islamic Golden Age pakati pe780 ne1260 AD yakaona kuputika kwekufambira mberi kwesainzi kuenzaniswa nechero nguva munhoroondo: vaive hwaro hwetsika zhinji dzesainzi dzekuMadokero.
Automata kubva kunguva uye nzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzinosanganisira zvisikwa zvakagadzirwa nevanhu senge zvidhori zvemhepo, nyoka, zvinyavada uye shiri dzinoimba, zvinorongeka zvinoridza nyere, zvikepe zvine "vanhu vana" marobhoti mabhendi, uye mamwe anoshanda maoko-neazvino Automatic washing machine ine washing machine. .
Panguva iyoyo, China inogona kuva netsika yemakore zviuru zviviri zve automata, uye iri kugadzira automata inoumbwa nendingwe dzinodzvova, shiri dzinoimba, shiri dzinobhururuka, uye kunyange wachi dzemvura dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzine nhamba dzinochengeta nguva.
Pane tsananguro dzeotomatiki mechanical puppet shows, otomatiki orchestras, uye madhiragoni emuchina, kutaura mashoma. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakasikwa kana kuti zvakanyorwa zvakazoparadzwa neMing Dynasty yakakundwa pakati pezana remakore rechi14, zvichiita kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvikanganwike nenhoroondo.
Kunyangwe kuchine tsika yeautomata mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope, muzana ramakore rechi 13, kwakave nekufarira kutsva kwezvisikwa nemidziyo yakagadzirirwa kuvhundutsa vashanyi, uye zvigadzirwa izvi nemidziyo zvakaonekwa zvakare mumatare eEurope.
Iyi nguva inofungidzirwa kuti yakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nemagwaro echiGiriki akashandurirwa muchiLatin nechiItalian, izvo zvakaita kuti vanhu vafarire kusikwa kwenyanzvi dzemasvomhu nevanyori vekare. Iyo yakakurumbira automata renaissance yakaitika panguva yeRenaissance uye Enlightenment era.
Kare, automata tekinoroji yaifambiswa ne hydraulics (mvura), pneumatics (mhepo nemhepo), kana giravhiti (kuburikidza nehuremu), izvo zvakanyanya kuderedza kuoma uye ukuru hwemidziyo. Idiki uye yakaoma automata inoda kubuda kwehunyanzvi hutsva.
Nekutorwa kwakapararira kweinjiniya, masvomhu, uye tekinoroji masisitimu (sekugadzira wachi) nesainzi yesimbi (inoshandiswa kugadzira zvitubu), kugona kugadzira michina yakaoma (uye yakanaka) yakabudirira.
Kwemazana emakore, takapinda mune zvandinofunga kuti inguva yegoridhe ye automata, apo mimwe mienzaniso yakakurumbira ichiripo. Kune mienzaniso yakawanda yakanaka, uye vanhu vazhinji vanogona kufunga kuti iyo pfungwa ye automata inonyanya kutorwa kubva panguva iyoyo.
Kubva kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 15 kusvika kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 20, otomatiki yakagadziridzwa mukufambirana newachi, wachi, uye muchina wemaindasitiri, ichitevera zvisina kurongwa kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi uye kugadzirwa kwemichina.
Japan neChina zvichiri kusimba mune izvi, uye kunyangwe mushure memhirizhonga yedzinza, mienzaniso inoshamisa yenguva ino ichiri kuwanikwa. MuJapan, tsika yemakanika "karakuri" zvidhori ine tsika refu kubva pakati pe1660s kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20.
Vagadziri vezvishandiso, vagadziri vewachi, vanokiya, vanogadzira, uye kunyange n'anga vakagadzira otomatiki inoshamisa zvechokwadi, kunyangwe ichiri yakafanana neiyo mazana kusvika kuzviuru zvemakore apfuura, asi iye zvino yanyanya kusimba uye yakaoma.
Tsanangudzo yeAstronomical Clock yeStrasbourg Cathedral, France (Mufananidzo wakapiwa neTangopaso/Wikipedia Commons)
Kugadzirwa kwechimanjemanje cuckoo wachi kwakaitika panguva iyi, iyo inogona kunge yakabva pamienzaniso yekutanga yewachi hombe dzemuguta, uko mavara ane mifananidzo ari mumichina ine mukurumbira senge wachi dzemuchadenga muStrasbourg nePrague. Jongwe rakashongedzwa mune yekutanga vhezheni yeStrasbourg's inonyanya kuzivikanwa kathedral element, ikozvino iri muguta rekushongedza arts museum, inoonekwa seyekare pasi rose automata.
Kutungamirwa nekufunga kwehuzivi kwaRené Descartes nevamwe, saizi yehupenyu uye mamwe madiki machina akaonekwa. Aitenda kuti mhuka inongova michina yakaoma biomechanical inogona kugadzirwa.
Dhadha rekudya rinodhonzwa naJacques de Vaucanson (mufananidzo wakagovaniswa neScientific American/Wikipedia)
Iyi haisi pfungwa itsva zvachose, asi inotungamira kune kusimbiswa kwemhuka automata, mamwe ayo ari kunze kwehuwandu hwekufunga kwakapfuura. Muenzaniso unonakidza ndewedhadha rekudya, iro rakafanana nedhadha munzira dzakawanda, asi rakanyanya kushamisa nderokuti rinodya chikafu chegranular uye rinobva raita kunge rine bowel movement.
Kune vateereri vemazuva ano, hazvishamise kuti iyo automata hainyatso kugaya chikafu, asi injinjini yeFrance Jacques de Vaucanson akashandisa izvo kutevedzera huchokwadi hwekare hwechisikigo.
Hatifanirwe kuseka zvakanyanya: de Vaucanson aive piyona mune dzakawanda minda (kusanganisira kugadzirwa kweiyo otomatiki loom uye kuvakwa kwekutanga kwese-simbi lathe), akavaka izvo zvinotendwa kuti ndiyo yekutanga biomechanical automaton, nyere. mutambi, Inogona kuridza gumi nembiri nziyo dzakasiyana. Akagadzirawo mutambi wengoma. Kufemerwa kweaya maviri automata kwakabva kune anatomy kosi yeFrench chiremba wekuvhiya.
Iyi yaivewo nguva yevagadziri vewachi vane mukurumbira Pierre Jaquet-Droz naHenri Maillardet, avo vakagadzira mamwe anoyevedza humanoid automata aigona Dhirowa mapikicha, kusaina uye kunyora mameseji ari nyore.
Pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe (kunenge muna 1860) kusvika munenge muna 1910 yaionekwa se "nguva yegoridhe ye automata" (paiva kunyange nebhuku rine zita rimwe chete), nokuti shanduko yeindasitiri yakakonzera nhamba huru yezvikamu zvakagadziriswa zvemagetsi kubuda, uye nhamba yemakambani anogadzira automata yakawedzera. Easy kugadzira. Zviuru zveautomata uye shiri dzinoimba nziyo dzakatengeswa kunze kwenyika, uye dzainge dzichiri kufarirwa nevateresi kusvika manheru eHondo Yenyika Yekutanga.
Zvisingashamisi, dambudziko rehupfumi hwepasi rose uye mafungiro ekuchengetedza anounzwa nenjodzi dzinoparadza dzehondo dzepasi rose dzakashandura zvakakosha zveEurope yose (imwe ye automata production centers), uye kusikwa kwe automata hakuchashandisi kune maitiro akawanda. Kunyange zvazvo isina kutongotsakatika chose chose muEurope, Asia kana kuti United States of America, kugadzirwa kwemichina kwakatsinhanisa rutivi rwounyanzvi hwezvinhu, nemhaka yokuti kufambira mberi mumagetsi noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kwakaita kuti automata ive nyore zvikuru kugadzira.
Kwenguva yakati, makambani aingove akatarisana nekugadzira inoyevedza art ine automata, kana pakugadzira zvakachipa-senge midziyo. Iye zvino muzera reInternet, takaona kuvandudzwa kwemapurojekiti aya nekuti vanhu vanoiswa pachena kune zvinokatyamadza asi zvinonakidza zve automata-unogona kuwana akawanda anonakidza uye akachipa mienzaniso paInternet.
Kunyangwe zvingave zvichishungurudza kune avo vanofarira hunyanzvi hwekugadzira uye inoshamisa engineering yeautomata, mutengo unodhura unobvumira vanhu kupinda nyore munyika yemisimboti yeinjiniya kuburikidza inonakidza automata.
Izvi zvakandipa kunzwisiswa kwakadzama kwekubatanidzwa kwemisimboti yakapfava kugadzira zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinokatyamadza zvakagadzirwa munhoroondo.
Kune ani nani anoterera kune yakakwira-yekupedzisira automata nhasi, zviri pachena kuti inoshamisa engineering inogona kusanganiswa neinoshamisira hunyanzvi hwekuita kuti uwane zvinangwa zvinoshamisa. Asi kunyangwe mumienzaniso yemhando yepamusoro-soro, misimboti yekutyaira otomatiki yakangofanana neyakashandiswa kwemazana emakore, nekuti mazhinji acho akavakirwa pamisimboti yakapusa yekugadzira kufamba.
Ndinoda kutaura kuti 95% yeautomata inoshandisa misimboti mashanu ekutanga kugadzira kufamba, uye chete muzviitiko zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvisingaenderane nemapoka aya. Iwo mapoka ndeaya anotevera: mavhiri, pulleys, magiya, makamera uye tsvimbo dzinobatanidza. Dai ndaiva munhu anonamira, ndaigona kubatanidza mavhiri, mavhiri nemagiya kuita boka guru. Asi zviito zvavanogadzira zvakati siyanei uye zvinogona kushandiswa kuita zvakasiyana, saka ngatinamirei kumapoka mashanu akajairwa.
Chekutanga ivhiri. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, inongotyaira paaxis kubvumira chinhu kuti chitenderere, kana kugadzira mutsara wekufamba kwemuchina wese zvichibva pa automaton, inoityaira semota inotakura vanhu kana chitima, kana kushandisa mavhiri akavanzika kugadzira mhuka. of movement.
Gumbo rinogona kunge riri dhiraivha yemukati yeimwe michina, kana inogona kungova chikamu chekupedzisira mucheni yemuchina. Muenzaniso wakanaka wechikamu chekupedzisira kuve vhiri iwachi yecuckoo, iyo inoratidzirwa nemhete yehunhu inobuda mukati memuviri wewachi, kazhinji yakasungirirwa kudivi regumbo riri nyore.
Mapulley ndiko kushanduka kwemavhiri nekuti anogona kutsetseka kana kuti mazino uye mesh nemacheni kana mabhandi ekufambisa kutenderera kune zvinhu zviri kure. Zvichienderana nekugadzirisa, pulley inogona kutumira kutenderera kwekufamba kune imwe kona kuburikidza nebhanhire rinoshanduka (kazhinji rinowanikwa pamichina yakasiyana-siyana yekare yemaindasitiri) uye inogona kupa humwe hudziviriro hwekudzivirira kwemaitiro.
Shanduko yedhayamita pakati pemapulley maviri inogona kuwedzera kana kuderedza kumhanya, asi zvakanyanya kukosha, inogona kunyatso shandura huwandu hwesimba rinoshandiswa. Izvi zvinogadzirisa dambudziko rekuti iyo yekuisa haina kusimba kuti ifambise zvakananga zvikamu zvakakura kana zvine simba zvakanyanya uye inoda kudzikiswa kuchengetedza michina.
Mune kumwe kuenderera mberi, magiya anonyanya kudonhedzwa mazino, anogadzirwa nemazvo uye anogona kunangana meshed neimwe toothed pulley.
Magiya ekutanga akanga asina kunyatsojeka. Rimwe remagiya rakanga riine mavhiri maviri akapetana aine mitsara yakaenzana achiabatanidza. Mavhiri aya aisangana nevhiri rimwe chete raibuda kubva mumarimu richiita mapango akaenzana. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa mune yekare automata muChina yekare kana Greece, uye ndizvo zvikamu zvikuru zvemamwe mahombe ane mukurumbira pasi rose.
Asi nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye nekumwe kunzwisiswa kwegiya geometry, iwo chaiwo magiya auchaziva nhasi akavepo, anogona kufambisa masimba makuru chaizvo nemazvo, uye, semapulleys, anogona kushandiswa kushandura kumhanya, simba kana kupa. iyo chaiyo nguva yekumisikidza chiyero (zviri pachena). Kugadzirwa kwemagiya chaiwo kwakabvumira michina yakaoma kwazvo ichishandisa marevheti ekutanga kusvika pakukwanisa kwayo kuzere.
Iyo cam ndiyo imwe nzira yechinyakare nekuti, mumashoko akareruka, ivhiri rine eccentric shaft. Izvi zvinoburitsa zvisingaite kudzokorora mafambiro, ayo anogona kushandiswa kutyaira linear kufamba. Nheyo yekutanga inoshandisa mavhiri akasarudzika, kazhinji ari muchimiro cheshizha redenderedzwa kana spiral snail, ine muteveri wecam (chigunwe chiri nyore kana zino rakagara padivi) kushandura mafambiro kune rimwe vhiri kana tsvimbo yekubatanidza, nekudaro kugadzira A. kumashure uye-kwechina kufamba. Iri rinogona kuve rakanyanya kukosha kana rakanyanya kuomarara kufamba, asi musimboti wakafanana.
Yekupedzisira chivako danda rekubatanidza, iro rinosanganisira cam follower, lever, uye basic pivot ruoko. Aya maumbirwo ari nyore kwazvo, asi iwo chaiwo iwo makuru maficha anogadzira kufamba mune automata. Tsvimbo yekubatanidza inoumbwa netsvimbo inotenderera ichitenderedza akisi imwe chete, inobatanidza matemo maviri kumagumo ese, kana kubatanidza matemo matatu kana anopfuura kugadzira nzira yakaoma yekufamba.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-08-2021
