Imodi ye-plasma arc combustion yokubeka impahla eluhlaza yokucubungula i-valve yesango

Imodi ye-plasma arc combustion yokubeka impahla eluhlaza yokucubungula i-valve yesango

I-Forging, i-forging, i-valve yensimbi yokubumba imane ithi isetshenziselwa ukubumba i-valve yesango yensimbi engagqwali, insimbi yokubumba ibhekisela ekukhethweni kwendlela yokubumba futhi ekhiqizwa izinhlobonhlobo zezingxenye zensimbi zokubumba nokuphonsa.
Izinga elihlobene lokubunjwa kwe-valve yensimbi engagqwali yensimbi iphezulu, ingamelana nomthelela wamandla, ipulasitiki, ukuqina nezinye izici zezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ziphakeme kunezinsimbi zensimbi engagqwali, ngakho-ke noma nini lapho ezinye izingxenye zomshini ezibalulekile kufanele zisetshenziswe ensimbi yomgunyathi. , insimbi ebunjiwe ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ipayipi elinomfutho ophezulu.
Ngomshini othambile, ofanele izici zomsebenzi wengcindezi ephezulu.
I-Forging ingenye yezingxenye ezimbili zokusakaza. Izingxenye ezibalulekile ezinomthwalo ophezulu kanye nemvelo yokusebenza eyinkimbinkimbi emishinini yemishini ikakhulukazi izingxenye zensimbi eziphonswe, ezilula futhi ezingaba ama-welds abandayo, ngaphandle kwamapuleti ephrofayili ye-aluminium.
Izimbobo zokushisela kanye nokuxega kwe-as-cast kwezinhlanganisela zensimbi kungaqedwa ngokufoja.
Ukukhetha okunembile kwesheke lokukhohlisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ukulawulwa kwezindleko kunobudlelwano obuhle.
Izinto zokwakha eziyinhloko yi-carbon steel, i-stainless steel plate ne-carbon steel.
I-Forging ratio ibhekisela esilinganisweni sengqikithi yendawo ye-cross-section yezinto zensimbi ngaphambi kokuwohloka kwendawo yokuphuka ngemva kokuwohloka.
Isimo sokuqala sezinto zokusetshenziswa sihlanganisa ukubunjwa, izinduku eziyindilinga, ama-alloys enkumbulo yomumo kanye nempushana yensimbi.
Izakhiwo ezingokoqobo zokubunjwa kwensimbi ngokuvamile zingcono kunalezo zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezifanayo. I-Forging yenziwa ngokucindezela umbungu wensimbi ngemishini yokubumba, ukuze ukwakheka kwe-alloy embryo kungashintshwa ukuze kutholwe ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula obunezincazelo ezithile zomumo kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zomzimba.
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula isakhiwo se-valve yensimbi: izinga lomzimba we-valve nezici zithinta ngokuqondile impilo yesevisi yokusebenza kwe-valve yesango kanye nesici sokuphepha.
Ngakho-ke, umzimba we-valve owenziwe kufanele usetshenziswe ngaphansi kwesisekelo sendawo engasebenzi kahle noma izidingo zokuphepha eziphezulu ze-valve yesango.
Ku-valve yokumisa i-DN50, i-valve yokumisa, i-valve yokuhlola, njll., ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwasekhaya ukwakheka okuphelele kokubumba ngemuva kokushisela ezinhlangothini zombili zenqubo ye-flange, kukhona abakhiqizi abaxhumene ne-flange ehlanganisa ndawonye.
Kodwa ngama-intshi angu-2 ngaphezu komzimba we-valve ye-caliber encane, ngenxa yokuntuleka kokufoja okudingwa umshini wokubumba osindayo onezindlela eziningi, bafuna ukufeza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezingxenye ezinkulu zokubumba kukhona ubunzima obuthile. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi abaningi abavela kwamanye amazwe abakhiqiza ama-valve ama-valve amakhulu naphakathi, noma nezinkampani ezithile kwamanye amazwe ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezingxenye zomzimba zamavalvu omgunyathi.
U-Taichenson wabelane ngohlelo olusha lobuchwepheshe lokugunda i-extrusion ye-valve yomzimba wevalvu yensimbi eyenziwe ngosayizi ophakathi nendawo. Ngokusebenzisa izinzuzo zayo zokuvikela indawo ezungezile, ukonga amandla nokonga abasebenzi, ngokocwaningo lokuhlola lobuchwepheshe bokwakha ama-valve, inkomba yobuchwepheshe yokugunda i-extrusion ye-valve body yatholwa.
Yonke inqubo yokugunda - ukwakheka kwe-extrusion kufanele kuthathe ukuguqulwa kwe-shear njengenqubo eyinhloko yokucubungula ipulasitiki yensimbi. Isici esiyisisekelo semishini yesakhiwo sobuchwepheshe bokubumba ukuthi amandla asetshenzisiwe angancishiswa.
Ngokulandelayo, kunciphisa kakhulu inani lamathani omshini adingekayo kuyo yonke inqubo yokwakha.
I-FIG. l ikhombisa umgomo oyisisekelo wokwakhiwa kwe-scissor-extrusion yezingxenye zegatsha nemfoloko.
Umugqa we-diagonal esithombeni ubonisa indawo ye-shear deformation ku-shear - inqubo yokwenza i-extrusion.
Akugcini nje ukukhiqiza i-deformation enkulu ye-shear ezungeze umugqa oblique.
Enye ingxenye ye-trichoderm yonke ikhiqiza okuhlukile okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngaphansi kwethonya yenaliti.
Insimbi ephakathi nendawo yamabhande amabili okugunda igelezela emgodini we-concave wethuluzi lokugaya ngendlela efanayo, futhi imfoloko iyakhiqizwa.
Ngomzimba we-valve osikiwe onezimfoloko ezimbili eziboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
Ukusika i-extrusion eyenza imfoloko yegatsha eliphezulu bese kwakha imfoloko yegatsha engezansi, ukwakheka kwemfoloko yegatsha eli-2 nakho kungenziwa ngokuhlelwa kwenaliti. Ngaphambi kokuba umzimba we-valve wenze ucwaningo lwesayensi lokukhiqizwa kwe-sciss-extrusion kanye nokuhlolwa kwenqubo yokusebenza, ukukhethwa kokuqala kwe-t / 3 izinyawo zengxenye yokuncipha ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo lwesayensi lokulingisa ngokomzimba, thola inkomba yenqubo yereferensi yesikelo. -ukwakheka kwe-extrusion, ukuze kwakhiwe imingcele eyinhloko yokuhlolwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza nokusebenza.
Thatha ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula be-DN100 ye-valve esikiwe njengesibonelo, ngokocwaningo lwesayensi lokuhlolwa kwenqubo yokusebenza kokukhiqiza.
Inkomba yenqubo ye-DNlOOmm yomzimba we-valve esikiwe enensimbi engu-20 ye-shear extrusion itholakala kanje: izinga lokushisa lokushisa lesampula le-embryo yezinwele liyi-1200 ℃, futhi izinga lokushisa lokushisa kwethuluzi lokugaya lingu-100 ~ 300″C.
Ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kwe-graphite liquid ejenti ikhethwa njenge-lubricant.
Inaliti yokubhoboza i-tapered, futhi inaliti yokubhoboza imbobo ingu-~'108mm. Amasampula ayizingxenye ezingenalutho ezinama-flange. Impahla yokuhlola ingu-lO00t clutch screw press, futhi amapharamitha amakhulu okusebenza akhonjiswe kuThebula l. Izici ezingokomzimba ekubumbeni njenge.
Ngokusho kwemingcele eyinhloko yokusebenza yomshini wokubhoboza kanye nesimiso se-shear - inqubo ye-extrusion ye-specimen, isethi yamathuluzi okugaya ayakhiwa. Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, usayizi wamandla odingekayo ubalwa ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kokulingisa, ukucaciswa kokusakazwa kwensimbi kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zokusakazwa kwensimbi.
Ngemuva kokubala nokubala, umshini wokubhoboza ongu-1O00t ungahlangabezana nezidingo ze-Qi. Ukwakhiwa komzimba we-valve osikiwe we-diameter encane wenziwa ngemishini emikhulu, emincane nemaphakathi, okufakazela ukuthi inqubo yokusika nokukhipha i-extrusion inezici zokuvikela imvelo, ukonga amandla nokonga abasebenzi.
Iyakwazi ukwenza ukwakheka okuphelele komzimba wama-valve ayisikiweyo amakhulu namaphakathi emishini yamanje yase-China.
Ngaphezu kwalokho.
Ukubunjwa nokwakhiwa kwepayipi le-tee nezinye izingxenye zemfoloko ezinkulu neziphakathi zingacwaningwa ngokwesayensi ngobuchwepheshe bokugunda nokukhama.
Ukuqamba kungahlukaniswa: (1) ukubumba okuvaliwe (ukufoja mahhala).
Ingahlukaniswa nge-forging yamahhala, i-rotary forging, i-extrusion ebandayo, i-extrusion forming, njll., i-embryo ye-alloy ifakwa ku-forging die enesimo esithile ukuze kuphoqeleke ukuguquguquka nokuthola insimbi ekhonjiwe. Ngokusho kokushisa kwe-deformation, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-forging ebandayo (izinga lokushisa lokubumba liyizinga lokushisa elivamile), ukubumba okufudumele (izinga lokushisa lokubumba liphansi kunelokushisa kwe-recrystallization yensimbi ye-embryo) kanye ne-hot forging (izinga lokushisa lokubumba lingaphezu kwezinga lokushisa le-recrystallization) .
(2) ukufoja okuvulekile (ukufoja mahhala).
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokufoja ngesandla kanye ne-mechanical forging. Umbungu wengxubevange ubekwe phakathi kwamabhulokhi amabili e-anvil (i-ayoni) futhi amandla okuthinta noma umthwalo usetshenziselwa ukudala ukuguquguquka kwe-alloy embryo ukuze kutholwe ukukhishwa kwensimbi.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwama-valve ensimbi enziwe ngomgunyathi: Ama-valve ensimbi asetshenziselwa ukuphonsa insimbi ezingxenyeni zokuphonsa.
Uhlobo lwe-casting alloy.
Ukubunjwa kwensimbi kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu: i-cast carbon steel, insimbi eyenziwe nge-alloy ephezulu kanye nensimbi ekhethekile eyenziwe.
Ukubunjwa kwensimbi kuwuhlobo lokubunjwa kwensimbi olwenziwa ngendlela yokulingisa.
Izinsimbi zensimbi zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezithile eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokubukeka, okunzima ukukhandwa noma ukugaywa futhi ezidinga amandla aphezulu kanye nepulasitiki.
Ububi bokubunjwa kwensimbi ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi efojiwe, ukonakala kwembobo yesihlabathi kukhudlwana, futhi indlela yokusebenza ivundlile eduze, futhi amandla okucindezela awalungile njengensimbi efojiwe. Ngakho-ke, ama-valve ensimbi akhiwe ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengendima ehamba phambili ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile zepayipi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu kanye nokushisa okuphezulu okuqhubekayo.
I-Forging, i-forging, i-forging steel valve ipulani lokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe: kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ikhanda lokunweba **, ku-valve yesango ngemva kokufakwa esiteshini sokuphepha (ukubekezelela usayizi wesiteshi sokuphepha sokulawula okunengqondo) njengereferensi yokubeka, izinhlangothi zombili ukunwetshwa ngesikhathi esifanayo.
I-valve yensimbi eyakhiwe kabusha iphoqa amandla angaphezu kwamandla okucindezela okukhulu kwesango le-valve, imbobo yomzimba we-valve eboshwe ngokuqinile ivelu yesango lomfutho ophezulu, alikho igebe, isakhiwo esihlangene. Ngakho-ke, umthwalo we-axial kufanele ulawulwe ngokuqinile.
Lapho i-valve yesango lokucindezela okukhulu icindezelwa emzimbeni we-valve, i-valve yomzimba kufanele ishintshwe emkhawulweni wokunwebeka, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ngemva kokunyamalala kwamandla okwandisa, i-valve yomzimba we-valve ibuyele emuva, igcwalise i-valve yesango elicindezelayo emuva kokunwebeka, ukuze zinamathele komunye nomunye, ukuze zinciphise umthwalo we-axial omkhulu kakhulu.
Ukuze ugweme ukufakwa ngokweqile kokucindezelwa komhlabathi, amandla e-valve yensimbi eyakhiwe ngomfutho ophezulu wesango le-valve impahla yomsila akulula ukuya phezulu, i-plasticity enhle namandla aphansi, nokulawula umthwalo wokufaka.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusabalalisa kwe-valve yesango lokucindezela okuphezulu emva kwamandla amancane okuphindaphindayo, kufanele kube ne-offset eyanele, ukuze ubude besigaba somsila we-valve wesango lomfutho omkhulu bungabi ngaphansi kokuphindwe kabili ukushuba.
Khetha "emva kokulayisha umshini wokucindezela" ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula, kungaqinisekisa ikhwalithi, ukukhiqiza i-valve yensimbi ephezulu yokucindezela isango ukukhiqizwa nokucubungula kulula, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu komshini wokupakisha. I-plasma arc combustion method yokubeka impahla eluhlaza yobuchwepheshe bokucubungula i-valve yesango emlonyeni wondla i-plasma engaphezulu, i-powder ingaphansi kokushisa okwanele, kodwa hhayi ukunciphisa ukuchaphaza kwempushana, ukuze kutholakale izinga eliphezulu lokuncibilika.
Ububi obuyinhloko bokuphakela impushana emlonyeni ukuthi ingxube ye-aluminium encibilikisiwe inamathela emlonyeni.
Ingxubevange ye-aluminium encibilikisiwe enamathela odongeni lomlomo noma i-inlet kanye ne-outlet enanini elithile eliphelele lokuwela echibini lesixazululo, okuholela ekuncibilikeni kwamaconsi, okubucayi kakhulu lapho kuvimbela imbobo yomlomo.
Ukuze ugweme lesi simo esingenhla, i-tungsten pole kanye nembobo ye-nozzle kufanele ibe ne-coaxiality ephezulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-alloy powder ithunyelwa ngokulinganayo ukusuka ku-nozzle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugeleza okuphelele kwe-powder gas kufanele kube ngokufanele, kungabangeli ukunyakaza kwesiphepho.
(1) Imodi ye-Plasma arc combustion (1) I-arc ye-plasma ehlanganisiwe: i-arc engafuduki isetshenziselwa ukushisa i-alloy powder: i-arc efudukayo ayikwazi nje ukufudumala i-alloy powder, kodwa futhi incibilikisa ubuso bezinto zokuqala.
Ukuze i-self-fusible alloy powder surfacing, ngenxa yephuzu eliphakeme lokuncibilika kwe-powdery, umphumela wama-arcs angafuduki awubonakali: lapho uveza i-powder ecolekile enephuzu eliphakeme lokuncibilika, umphumela wama-arcs angafuduki uyabonakala.
I-welding engaphezulu yezingxenye ezincane nezincane ngokuvamile isebenzisa i-plasma arc ehlanganisiwe.
(2) I-arc ye-plasma edlulisekayo: Njengoba i-arc engadluliseki ingadlali indima ebalulekile, ezindaweni eziningi kuphela i-arc edlulisekayo isetshenziselwa ukwenza ukuvela phezulu, okungasindisa isethi yokushintsha kwamandla kagesi.
(3) I-arc ye-plasma ehlanganisiwe yochungechunge lwe-arc kagesi: inenzuzo yokuthi i-ion arc enhle ekhiqizwe phakathi komlomo nengxenye engezansi akulula ukwandisa amandla aphephukayo esiphepho echibini elincibilikisiwe, elingakhawulela ngempumelelo ukujula kokuncibilika.
Nakuba lokhu kushisisa kwe-arc kuhlakazekile uma kuqhathaniswa, kusengakwazi ukugcina ukucaciswa okwanele. I-plasma arc nale ndlela isetshenziselwa ukuphatha ukugeleza kwamanje kwe-arc ye-ion enhle. Uma ukugeleza kwamanje kukhula, ukuchithwa kwe-nozzle kuyingozi kakhulu, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kokuchithwa kokushisa okupholisa amanzi, lesi simo singathuthukiswa.
Indlela ye-plasma arc ayivamile ukusetshenziswa eShayina.
(2) Indlela yokulethwa kwempushana Njengamanje, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezimbili zezindlela zokulethwa kwempushana: ukulethwa kwempushana emlonyeni kanye nokulethwa kwempushana ngaphandle komlomo. Ekufakweni kwe-plasma emlonyeni wombhobho, impushana ifakwa ekushiseni okwanele, kodwa futhi nokunciphisa ukuchaphaza kwempushana, ingathola izinga lokuncibilika eliphezulu kuqhathaniswa.
Ububi obukhulu bokuthumela impushana emlonyeni ukuthi ingxube ye-aluminium encibilikisiwe inamathela emlonyeni.
Ingxubevange ye-aluminium encibilikisiwe enamathela odongeni lomlomo noma i-inlet kanye ne-outlet enanini elithile eliphelele lokuwela echibini lesixazululo, okuholela ekuncibilikeni kwamaconsi, okubucayi kakhulu lapho kuvimbela imbobo yomlomo.
Ukuze ugweme lesi simo esingenhla, i-tungsten pole kanye nembobo ye-nozzle kufanele ibe ne-coaxiality ephezulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-alloy powder ithunyelwa ngokulinganayo ukusuka ku-nozzle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugeleza okuphelele kwe-powder gas kufanele kube ngokufanele, kungabangeli ukunyakaza kwesiphepho. Ku-plasma yomlomo we-nozzle, i-alloy powder ayithunyelwa ku-arc ye-plasma ngaphandle kwe-nozzle, exazulula ngokuphumelelayo inkinga yokudonsa nokuvinjelwa kwe-nozzle. Ukujula kokuncibilika ngaphansi kwezinga elifanayo kuncane kunempushana yokuphakela emlonyeni, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uma impushana edla emlonyeni, isishingishane esiyimpushana esisembombeni sishise kakhulu, futhi saphephethelwa ngqo echibini lesixazululo, okuholela ekutheni kube namandla angeziwe aphephukayo. : futhi lapho impushana yokupha emlonyeni, amandla aphephukayo engeziwe abangelwa igesi eyimpushana ayancishiswa.
Okubi okuyinhloko kokuthumela impushana ngaphandle komlomo izinga elikhulu lokuhlakazeka kwempushana kanye nenani eliphansi le-aluminium alloy stacking.
(3) Isitimu esiphezu kwe-Plasma kanye ne-alloy powder ngokuvamile zisebenzisa igesi ehlanzekile ye-hydrogen esebenzayo (eyaziwa nangokuthi igesi ye-ion enhle, i-arc stabilizing gas), igesi eyimpuphu kanye negesi yokuvikela.
I-Hydrogen plasma arc ine-low current, i-ignition eqinile, i-electrode encane ye-tungsten kanye nokukhishwa kwe-nozzle.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zaphesheya kwezilwandle zingama-70% e-hydrogen kanye no-30% we-helium njengegesi noma igesi eyimpushana, okwenza i-voltage yokusebenza ye-plasma arc inyuke, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ibe namandla aphezulu nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
I-nitrogen nayo isebenza kahle njengegesi evikelayo, kodwa ayivamile futhi iyabiza.
Ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukucaciswa okwanele kanye nokulinganisa kwe-plasma arc ukuthumela i-alloy powder, ukugeleza okuphelele kwegesi esebenzayo kanye negesi yokulethwa kwempushana kufanele kukhawulwe ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuze kuncishiswe amandla okuphephula isiphepho. Igesi yokuvikela idinga ukugeleza okuphelele okwanele ukuze isebenze. Ngenxa yokuthi i-alloy powder ye-plasma arc surfing ngokuvamile iyazenzela, ayikho igesi evikelayo engakwazi ukuba nomthelela omkhulu kwikhwalithi yokuvela, kodwa umlomo wombhobho kulula kakhulu ukuchitheka ungcolile esihlabathini sensimbi ye-pool encibilikisiwe.
Ukusabalalisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-alloy powder ukuze zibekwe phezulu, kulula ukuncibilika, kodwa impushana encane kakhulu kunzima ukufinyelela impushana.
I-powder ewugqinsi kakhulu akulula ukuncibilika, kodwa futhi kulula ukundiza uphume endaweni engaphezulu, ukuze ukulahleka kwempuphu.
Ububanzi obufanelekile bosayizi bungu-0.06 kuye ku-0.112mm (120 kuya ku-230 anezikhala/ft).
Ukuze ugweme ukuncibilika kwempushana ku-nozzle okuholela ezimeni zokuxhuma, e-China kusetshenziswa impushana ecolekile (40-120 mesh/ft) uma ingaphezulu.