Chitsulo chosamva kutentha kwa valavu

Kutentha kugonjetsedwa ndi chitsulo chavalavuzakuthupi

Sikelo iyi imatanthawuza zofunikira zaukadaulo, njira zoyesera, malamulo osamalira, chizindikiritso ndi chizindikiritso chapamwamba, kupewa dzimbiri, kulongedza ndi kusungirako zofunikira zachitsulo chosamva kutentha. Ma geometry ndi kukula kwake kumayenera kugwirizana ndi zofunikira za kujambula. The dimensional kulolerana ndi machining allowance adzakhala mogwirizana ndi GB/T6414 ndi kupatuka kulemera adzakhala mogwirizana ndi GB/T 11351. Metallographic dongosolo la zosagwira kutentha chitsulo kuponyedwa adzafotokozedwa molingana ndi GB/T 9441 ndi GB/T 7216, ndipo zofunikira zatsatanetsatane zidzagwirizana ndi onse awiri. Kapangidwe ka matrix a chitsulo chosamva kutentha kwa silicon ndi ferrite.

1 gawo

Sikelo iyi imatanthawuza zofunikira zaukadaulo, njira zoyesera, malamulo osamalira, chizindikiritso ndi chizindikiritso chapamwamba, kupewa dzimbiri, kulongedza ndi kusungirako zofunikira zachitsulo chosamva kutentha.

Sikelo iyi ndi yoyenera kupangira mchenga kapena kuyika chitsulo chosagwira kutentha ndi kutenthetsa kofanana ndi nkhungu yamchenga ndikugwira ntchito pansi pa 1100 ℃.

2 Mafayilo odziwika bwino

Mawu omwe ali m'malemba otsatirawa amakhala mawu a sikelo iyi potengera sikelo iyi. Pazolembedwa zakale, zosintha zonse (kupatulapo erratum) kapena zosinthidwa sizikugwira ntchito pamlingo uwu. Komabe, omwe akuchita nawo mapangano pamlingo uwu akulimbikitsidwa kuti afufuze za kupezeka kwa mitundu ya *** ya zikalatazi. Kwa maumboni omwe sanatchulidwe, mtundu wa *** ukugwira ntchito pa sikelo iyi.
3 Zofunikira Zaukadaulo

3. Kalasi ndi mankhwala zikuchokera kutentha zosagwira kuponyedwa chitsulo

Njira yotchulira chitsulo chosagwira kutentha imagwirizana ndi malire a GB/T5612, omwe amagawidwa m'makalasi 11.

Mlingo ndi mankhwala achitsulo chosamva kutentha akuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1.

Table 1. Kalasi ndi mankhwala zikuchokera kutentha zosagwira kuponyedwa chitsulo

3.2 Makulidwe a geometric, machining allowance ndi kulolerana kolemera

Ma geometry ndi kukula kwake kumayenera kugwirizana ndi zofunikira za kujambula. Kulolera kwapang'onopang'ono ndi chilolezo cha makina chizikhala molingana ndi GB/T6414 ndipo kupatukako kuyenera kukhala molingana ndi GB/T 11351.

3.3 Ubwino Wapamwamba

3.3.1 Kuwonongeka kwapamwamba kudzagwirizana ndi kufotokozedwa kwa GB/ T6061.1, ndipo sikelo ya sikelo idzavomerezedwa ndi onse awiri.

3.3.2 Zopangira ziyenera kutsukidwa, zotsalira ziyenera kudulidwa, ndipo zotsalira za zowukira, fupa lapakati, mchenga wadongo ndi zibowo zamkati zidzachotsedwa. Castings adzagwirizana ndi zofunikira za zojambula za wogula, zofunikira zamakono kapena mgwirizano wa dongosolo pakati pa magulu awiriwa.

3.3.3 Fomu, chiwerengero, kukula ndi malo a zolakwika zomwe anagwirizana pa kuponya, kukonzanso ndi kukonzanso njira zidzagwirizana ndi onse awiri.

3.4 Ntchito zamakina

Mawonekedwe a makina opangira kutentha kwa chipinda ayenera kugwirizana ndi zomwe zili mu Table 2, ndipo mawonekedwe a kutentha kwanthawi kochepa akuwonetsedwa mu Appendix A.

3.5 Chithandizo cha Kutentha

Nthawi zambiri, chithandizo cha kutentha chiyenera kuchitidwa kuti muchotse kupsinjika kotsalira kwa chitsulo chosagwira ductile cha silicon ndi aluminiyamu. Komabe, pamene pearlite zili kutentha zosagwira ductile chitsulo cha pakachitsulo kiyi mndandanda ndi otsika kuposa 15%, kutentha mankhwala sangathe kuchitidwa. Kwa mitundu ina, ngati ikufunika ndi wofunsayo, chithandizo cha kutentha chothetsera kupsinjika kotsalira chidzachitidwa molingana ndi zomwe akuyitanitsa.

Zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosamva kutentha zikuwonetsedwa mu Appendix B

3.6 Metallographic kapangidwe

Kapangidwe kazitsulo kachitsulo chosagwira kutentha kumatanthauzidwa molingana ndi GB/T 9441 ndi GB/T 7216, ndipo zofunikira mwatsatanetsatane zidzagwirizana ndi onse awiri. Kapangidwe ka matrix a chitsulo chosamva kutentha kwa silicon ndi ferrite.

3.7 Anti-oxidation, anti-kukula ntchito ndi coefficient of thermal expansion

Pa kutentha utumiki, yunifolomu makutidwe ndi okosijeni kulemera kupindula mlingo wa kutentha zosagwira kuponyedwa chitsulo chosagwira ntchito kuposa 0,5 g/m2 · h, ndi mlingo kukula osapitirira 0.2%. Ntchito yotsutsa-oxidation ndi yotsutsa-kukula kwa chitsulo chosagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha ndi coefficient of thermal expansion sichigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko ovomerezeka.

3.8 Zofunikira Zapadera

Ngati wofunsayo ali ndi zofunikira zoyezetsa maginito tinthu, kuyezetsa kwa akupanga, kuyesa kwa X-ray, ndi zina zotero, wofunsayo ndi wofunayo adzakambirana ndikuchita malinga ndi GB/T 9494, GB/T 7233 ndi GB/T 5677 motsatana.

4 Njira yoyesera

4.1 Kusanthula kwa Chemical

4.1.1 Kusanthula kwamankhwala kumatha kuchitidwa ndi kusanthula kwamankhwala ochiritsira kapena kusanthula kwamagetsi kwazithunzi.

4.1.2 Njira zoyeserera za kusanthula kwamankhwala wamba zidzafotokozedwa mu GB/T 20066.

4.1.3 Njira ya Spectrum sampling idzachitidwa molingana ndi GB / T 5678 ndi GB / T 14203. Njira yowunikira mawonedwe iyenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi ndondomeko ya GB / T 20125.

4.1.4 Kusanthula kwa Arbitrate kwa carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfure ndi phosphorous mu mankhwala ndi GB/T 20123 kapena GB/T223.69,GB/ T223.60 ndi GB/T motsatira Kuphedwa kwa malire a 223.58 kapena GB/T223. 64,GB/T223.3 kapena GB/T223.59 kapena GB/T223.61,GB/T223.68; Chromium, aluminiyamu, aluminium arbitration kusanthula motsatana motsatana ndi GB/T223.11 kapena GB/T223.12, GB/T223.26, GB/T223.28 kuletsa kuphedwa.

4.2 Kuyesa kwamakina ntchito

4.2.1 Kuyeza kwa kutentha kwa chipinda cha HTRCr, HTRCr2, HTRSi5 ndi magiredi ena, kuphatikizapo kukonzekera zitsanzo, kudzachitika motsatira ndondomeko ya GB/T228.

4.2.2 Kuyesa kwamakina kwachitsulo chosamva kutentha kwa ductile ndi HTRCr16 pa kutentha kwa chipinda kudzachitidwa molingana ndi GB/T228.

4.2.3 Kuuma kwa chitsulo chosagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha kudzatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi GB/T231.1.

4.2.4 Kutentha kwanthawi yayitali kwamphamvu kwachitsulo chosagwira kutentha kumatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi GB/T4338.

4. 3 chipika choyesera, chitsanzo

4.1 malo a chitsanzo chodulidwa). Mtundu B nthawi zambiri umasankhidwa. Mipiringidzo yoyesera mu Zowonjezera C itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa single cast yosavuta kudula chipika choyesera cha QTRA122 ndi HTRCr16

4.3.2 Maonekedwe ndi makulidwe a zitsanzo zolimba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu yachitsulo yosamva kutentha ndi mitundu ya HTRCr16 ikuwonetsedwa mu FIG.3 ndi Table 4.

4.3.3 Mipiringidzo yoyesera idzadzazidwa ndi chitsulo chamadzimadzi chimodzimodzi monga kuponyera ndikutsanuliridwa kumapeto kwa ndondomekoyi, ndipo njira yoziziritsira idzakhala yogwirizana momwe zingathere ndi kuponyera.

4.3.4 Kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa midadada yoyeserera sikudutsa 500 ° C

4.3.5 Amavomerezedwa kuti atenge chitsanzo chophatikizidwa ku chipika choponyera kapena mwachindunji pa kuponyedwa, ndipo mtengo wovomerezeka udzavomerezedwa ndi onse awiri.

4.4 Kulimbana ndi Oxidation Resistance and Growth Resistance Test Kuyesa kukana kwa okosijeni ndi kukula kwachitsulo chosamva kutentha kudzachitika molingana ndi Zowonjezera D ndi Zowonjezera E.

4.5 Coefficient of thermal Expansion test Njira yoyesera ya coefficient of thermal expansion imachitika mu Appendix F.

4.6 Chithandizo cha kutentha

Kuphatikiza pakuchotsa kupsinjika kwamkati kwa castings, ngati chithandizo china chilichonse cha kutentha chikuchitidwa pa castings, midadada yoyeserera idzakhalanso ndi chithandizo cha kutentha mu ng'anjo yomweyi kapena njira.

Chigawo: millimeter

5 Malamulo Ovomerezeka

5.1 Mapangidwe a gulu lachitsanzo

5.1.1 Ma castings opangidwa ndi nkhungu yolumikizana adzakhala gulu la zitsanzo.

5.1.2 Kulemera kwakukulu kwa gawo lililonse lachitsanzo ndi 2000 kg ya zoponyera pambuyo poyeretsa. Gulu lachitsanzo litha kusinthidwa monga momwe amavomerezera ndi onse awiri.

5.1.3 Ngati kulemera kwa kuponyedwa kuli koposa 2000 kg, batchi yosiyana iyenera kupangidwa.

5.1.4 Pakachitika kusintha kwa mphamvu, kusintha kwa malo opangira kapena kusintha kwa mankhwala ofunikira mkati mwa nthawi inayake, zopangira zonse zotsanuliridwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka zimasungunuka mosalekeza panthawiyo, mosasamala kanthu kuti nthawi yayitali bwanji. nthawi, idzatengedwa ngati chitsanzo chimodzi.

5.1.5 Pamene chitsulo chosungunula chochuluka cha kalasi yofanana chikusungunuka mosalekeza, kulemera kwake kwa gawo lililonse lachitsanzo sikuyenera kupitirira kulemera kwa zoponyedwa mkati mwa maola awiri.

5. 1.6 Gulu ili la chitsulo chosungunula lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati sampuli ngati kulemera kwa chitsulo chosungunuka ndi kosakwana 2000 kg.

5.1.7 Monga momwe maphwando onse awiri amavomerezera, magulu angapo a castings amathanso kulandiridwa pagulu.

Pachifukwa ichi, payenera kukhala njira zina zoyendetsera khalidwe pakupanga, monga kusanthula kwachangu kwa mankhwala, kukonza kwazitsulo, kuyesa kosawonongeka, kukonza zowonongeka, ndi zina zotero, ndipo zatsimikiziradi kuti chithandizo cha nodulation sichisokoneza, mogwirizana ndi zofunika ndondomeko.

Zindikirani: Kwa ma castings omwe adatenthedwa ndi kutentha, batch yachitsanzoyo iyenera kutsatiridwa mofanana, pokhapokha ngati ma castings mu batch asiyana kwambiri pamapangidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, ma castings awa amasiyana kwambiri amapanga batch yachitsanzo.

5.2 Sampling of Chemical Composition Gulu lililonse lachitsanzo lidzayang'aniridwa ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala, ndipo zotsatira zowunikira zidzakwaniritsa zofunikira mu Table 1. Ngati mankhwalawo ali osiyana, lolani kawiri chiwerengero cha zitsanzo kuti chiwunikidwenso kamodzi, chitsanzocho ndi amayeneretsedwa pokhapokha atayeneretsedwa mokwanira.

5.3 Sampuli ya kukula kwa Casting

Kukula, geometry ndi roughness pamwamba pa castings oyambirira ndi castings zofunika ayenera kufufuzidwa pa chidutswa chilichonse. Njira yowunikira malo idzagwirizana ndi onse awiri.

5.4 Kuwunika kwachitsanzo cha mawonekedwe

Maonekedwe a ma castings ayenera kuyang'aniridwa pang'onopang'ono.

5.5 Zitsanzo ndi kuyezetsa makina, zitsulo, kukana kukula Mawonekedwe a chitsulo chosamva kutentha kwa ductile chitsulo kutentha ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi batch. Zomwe zimapangidwira zitsulo zina zosagwira kutentha kwachitsulo kutentha komanso mawonekedwe azitsulo, kukana kwa okosijeni ndi kukula kukana kwa mitundu yonse kudzayesedwa molingana ndi momwe akufunira. Zomwe zimapangidwira kutentha kwa chipinda zimavomerezedwa kutengera mphamvu zolimba. Ngati kuyang'anitsitsa kuuma kumafunika musanayambe kuyitanitsa, kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za Table 2. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ng'anjo kapena phukusi la phukusi la kuponyera ndilofanana ndi ndodo yoyesera, ng'anjo kapena phukusi nambala iyenera kulembedwa momveka bwino. malo osakhala ofunikira pakati pa chitsanzo ndi kuponyera.

5.6 Kuunikira kwa zotsatira zoyeserera zamakina

Poyang'ana mphamvu yamphamvu, ngati zotsatira zowunikira zazitsulo zowonongeka zikulephera kukwaniritsa zofunikira, ndipo sizimayambitsidwa ndi zifukwa zomwe zalembedwa mu 5.7, zitsanzo zina ziwiri kuchokera ku gulu logwirizana zingatengedwe kuti ziwunikenso.

Ngati zotsatira zowunikiranso zikukwaniritsa zofunikira, zinthu za gulu ili la castings zikadali zoyenerera. Ngati zotsatira zowunikiranso zikulephera kukwaniritsa zofunikira, gulu la castings lidzaweruzidwa poyamba ngati gawo lazinthu. Panthawiyi, chimodzi mwazojambulazo chikhoza kutengedwa kuchokera pamtanda, ndipo chitsanzo cha thupi chikhoza kudulidwa pamalo omwe adagwirizana ndi onse awiri kuti ayese makina. Ngati zotsatira za mayeso zikukwaniritsa zofunikira, zinthu zoponyedwa zimatha kuweruzidwa kuti ndizoyenera; Ngati zotsatira za mayeso a thupi zikulepherabe kukwaniritsa zofunikira, ** pamapeto pake imatsimikizira kuti zoponyera za batch iyi zagawanika.

5. 7 Kutsimikizika kwa mayeso

Ngati zotsatira za mayeso sizikukwaniritsa zofunikira, osati chifukwa cha khalidwe la kudziponyera lokha, koma chifukwa cha chimodzi mwa zifukwa zotsatirazi, mayesowo ndi osavomerezeka.

a) Kutsitsa kolakwika kwa zitsanzo pamakina oyesera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika makina oyesera.

b) Pali zolakwika zowonongeka pamwamba pa chitsanzo kapena kudula kosayenera kwa chitsanzo (monga kukula kwa chitsanzo, kusintha kwa fillet, roughness sikukwaniritsa zofunikira, etc.).

c) Chitsanzo chokhazikika chimasweka kunja kwa mtunda wokhazikika.

d) Pali zolakwika zazikulu pakumanga pakusweka kwa chitsanzo chokhazikika.

Zikatero, chitsanzo chatsopano chidzapangidwa kuchokera ku chipika choyesera yunifolomu kapena chitsanzocho chidzabwezeredwa kuchokera ku gulu la yunifolomu ya yunifolomu yazitsulo zoyezera kuti ziyesedwenso, ndipo zotsatira za kuyesanso zidzalowa m'malo mwa zotsatira za mayeso osayenera.

5.8 Kutentha kwazitsulo zoyesera ndi zoponya

Pokhapokha ngati pali zofunikira zapadera, ngati ma castings aperekedwa ngati kuponyedwa ndipo ntchito yamakina a castings sagwirizana ndi sikelo iyi, wogulitsa akhoza, ndi chilolezo cha Demander, kutentha kutenthetsa ma castings pamodzi ndi midadada yoyeserera ndikuyambiranso. -ayeseni. Ngati ma castings atenthedwa ndipo ntchito yamakina imagawanika, wogulitsa akhoza kutenthetsanso ma castings ndi ma test blocks pamodzi. Ndipo gonjeraninso kuti muvomereze. Ngati chitsanzocho chopangidwa kuchokera ku chipika choyezera kutentha chili choyenera, batchyo imatengedwa kuti imabwerezedwa kutentha.

Gawo la ntchito likugwirizana ndi sikelo iyi.

Kubwereza kutentha mankhwala kwa reinspection sadzapitirira kawiri.

Ngati palibe chofunikira chodziwikiratu pa malo, kukula (kukula, kutalika, convex ndi concave) ndi njira ya chizindikiro, wogulitsa ndi wogulitsa adzavomereza. Komabe, kuyika chizindikiro sikungawononge khalidwe loponyera. Pambuyo poyang'anira ndikuwongolera, njira zopewera dzimbiri, kuyika ndi kusungirako zidzavomerezedwa ndi onse awiri. Pali kusiyana kokwanira pakati pa zitsanzo zomwe zimayikidwa mu ng'anjo kuti zitsimikizire kukhudzana kwabwino pakati pa mpweya mu ng'anjo ndi pamwamba pa chitsanzo. Zomangira ziwiri zoyezera zitha kukhazikitsidwa kumapeto onse a chitsanzo, miyeso yake yomwe ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi D.2. (Ngati palibe zomangira zoyezera zomwe zimafunikira, kumapeto kwa sampuli kumatha kukutidwa ndi chromium kapena faifi tambala…

Chitsimikizo cha chizindikiro ndi khalidwe

6. 1 Zojambulazo zidzadziwika ndi wogulitsa.

6. 2 Ngati palibe chofunikira chodziwikiratu pa malo, kukula (kukula, kutalika, convex ndi concave) ndi njira ya chizindikiro, onse awiri adzagwirizana. Komabe, kuyika chizindikiro sikungawononge khalidwe loponyera.

6. 3 Sitifiketi yaubwino wa chisindikizo choyang'anira woperekayo idzalumikizidwa ndi kuponyedwa musanaperekedwe, ndipo zomwe zili mu satifiketiyo ziziphatikizanso izi:

a) Dzina kapena chizindikiro cha ogulitsa;

b) Nambala ya gawo kapena nambala ya mgwirizano;

C) Mtundu wazinthu;

d) Zotsatira zosamalira;

e) Nambala ya sikelo.

Kupewa dzimbiri, kulongedza ndi kusunga

7.1 Njira zopewera dzimbiri, kuyika ndi kusungirako njira zosungirako zidzagwirizana ndi onse awiri pambuyo poti ma castings afufuzidwa ndikuyenerera.

7.2 Kwa onyamula omwe amanyamulidwa mtunda wautali, onse awiri amavomereza kulongedza ndi njira zoyendera malinga ndi malamulo amayendedwe.

Chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo ndi malamulo ndi malamulo

Magulu onse awiriwa azitsatira chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo ndi malamulo ndi malamulo a mayiko okhudzidwa panthawi yopanga, kuvomereza, kusunga ndi kuyendetsa.

Njira yoyesera yolimbikitsira kukula kwachitsulo chosamva kutentha

Njira imeneyi angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyesa kukana kukula zosiyanasiyana kutentha kusamva kuponyedwa chitsulo mu sing'anga kutentha mpweya.

D.1 Zofunikira zoyambira pazida zoyesera ndi malo motsutsana ndi kukula

D.1.1 Mng'anjo yoyesera kukana kukula iyenera kukwaniritsa izi:

a) Pali chipangizo chosinthira kutentha, kulondola kwake ndi 5 ℃;

b) Kusiyana kwa kutentha pakati pa mfundo iliyonse muzogawo zogawa zachitsanzo mu ng'anjo sikuyenera kupitirira 5 ℃;

c) Sungani mpweya wokwanira wa okosijeni mu ng'anjo.

D.1.2 Pali chilolezo chokwanira pakati pa zitsanzo zomwe zimayikidwa mu ng'anjo kuti zitsimikizire kuyanjana kwabwino pakati pa mpweya mu ng'anjo ndi pamwamba pa zitsanzo.

D.1.3 Chitsanzocho chikalowetsedwa mu ng'anjo, nthawi yomwe kutentha kwa ng'anjo kufika pa kutentha komwe kumatchulidwa kudzaonedwa ngati chiyambi cha mayesero, ndi nthawi yomwe nthawi yoyesedwa yatha ndipo ng'anjo imasiya kugwira ntchito ( kapena atulutsa chitsanzo) adzatengedwa ngati mapeto a mayeso.

D.2 Kunja kwa chitsanzo