Umgaqo wenkqubo ye-electroplating yevalve yesango ixoxwa

Umgaqo wenkqubo ye-electroplating yevalve yesango ixoxwa

Oyena nobangela wokuqhekeka kwemizimba yevalvu yeplanti yamandla kwi-cobalt base alloy spray welding idla ngokuba kukuqina okuphezulu kwevalve. Kwi-welding operation, i-arc ivelisa i-pool ye-solubilization, eqhubeka inyibilika kwaye ifudumeza indawo ye-welding, kwaye ubushushu buhla ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-welding, kwaye isinyithi esityhidiweyo sidibanisa ukuvelisa i-welding. Ukuba ubushushu bokufudumala buphantsi, ukushisa kwe-welding layer kufuneka kuncitshiswe ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphantsi kwesiseko sokupholisa ngokukhawuleza kwe-welding layer, isantya se-shrinkage ye-welding layer ikhawuleza kunomlinganiselo we-shrinkage womzimba we-valve. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo olunjalo, i-welding layer kunye ne-original material yenza ngokukhawuleza uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, kwaye i-welding layer iyaqhekeka. Imeko yokusebenza yevalve yesikhululo samandla ngokuqhelekileyo yi-540 ℃ yobushushu obuphezulu bomphunga, ngoko ke izinto eziphambili zevalve yesango yi-25 okanye i-12crmov, umzimba wevalvu. imathiriyeli engundoqo yevalve yesango yi-25 okanye i-12crmov, kunye nezinto ezikrwada zevalve yomzimba wokutshiza welding yi-cobalt-base alloy d802 (sti6) welding wire.
I-d802 ihambelana ne-edcocr -A kwinkcazo ye-gb984, elingana ne-ercocr -A in aws.
I-d802 izinto eziluhlaza zinokuvulwa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye zivaliwe ukusuka kuxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nomsebenzi wobushushu obuphezulu, ngokuxhathisa okugqwesileyo, ukumelana nempembelelo, ukumelana ne-oxidation, ukumelana nokugqwala kunye nokumelana ne-cavitation.
Intsimbi edityanisiweyo ye-electrode ye-ErCoCr-A kunye nokufakwa kweentambo zokugcwalisa kwiinkcukacha ze-Aws ibonakaliswe yindlela ye-subeutectic ebandakanya malunga ne-13% ye-chromium cementite network eutectic esasazwe kwi-Cochromium-tungsten ion crystal substrate. Isiphumo singumxube ogqibeleleyo wokuchasana kwezinto eziluhlaza kumonakalo ophantsi woxinzelelo kunye nokuqina okufunekayo ukuxhathisa impembelelo yeentlobo ezithile zokuhamba kwenkqubo.
I-cobalt alloy inokumelana kakuhle nentsimbi - ukunxiba kwesinyithi, ngokukodwa ukuchasana nokukrwempa phantsi komthwalo ophezulu.
Ukubunjwa okunamandla kwe-alloy kwi-substrate kunokubonelela ngokuchasana kwe-corrosion engcono kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation.
Xa isinyithi esityhidiweyo se-cobalt-based alloy sikwimeko efudumeleyo (ngaphakathi kwe-650 ℃), amandla ayo awehli kakhulu. Kuphela xa ubushushu buphakama ngaphezu kwe-650 ℃, amandla ayo aya kuncipha kakhulu. Xa iqondo lokushisa libuyela kwimeko yeqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo, amandla alo aya kubuyela kubulukhuni bokuqala.
Enyanisweni, xa izinto zokuqala ziqhuba unyango lobushushu emva kwe-welding, ukusebenza komphezulu akulula ukulimaza. Ivalve yesikhululo samandla kufuneka itshizwe nge-cobalt-based alloy kumngxuma ophakathi womzimba wevalvu ukwenza ivalve yesango loxinzelelo oluphezulu ijongane nge-arc welding. Ngenxa yokuba ubuso bukwindawo enzulu yomngxuma ophakathi womzimba wevalvu, ukuwelda kokutshiza kunokubangela iziphene ezifana ne-welding noddle kunye nokuqhekeka.
Uvavanyo lwenkqubo yokuwelda umngxuma ongekho nzulu i-d802 lwenziwa ngokuvelisa kunye nokucubungula iisampulu njengoko kufuneka. Isizathu sokutenxa lula sifunyanwa kwikhonkco lovavanyo lwenkqubo.
① Ungcoliseko lwendalo esingqongileyo.
② Izinto zokuwelda zifunxa ukufuma.
③ Izinto zokuqala kunye nentsimbi yokuzalisa iqulethe ukungcola okuninzi kunye namabala e-oyile.
④ Isikhundla sokuwelda ukuqina komzimba wevalve mkhulu ngokufakwa kombane (ingakumbi dn32 ~ 50mm).
(5) Umgangatho wetekhnoloji wokufudumeza kunye nokulungiswa kokushisa emva kwe-welding akunangqiqo.
Inkqubo ye-welding ayifanelekanga.
⑦ Ukukhethwa kwezinto ze-welding akunangqiqo. Oyena nobangela wokuqhekeka kwemizimba yevalvu yeplanti yamandla kwi-cobalt base alloy spray welding idla ngokuba kukuqina okuphezulu kwevalve. Kwi-welding operation, i-arc ivelisa i-pool ye-solubilization, eqhubeka inyibilika kwaye ifudumeza indawo ye-welding, kwaye ubushushu buhla ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-welding, kwaye isinyithi esityhidiweyo sidibanisa ukuvelisa i-welding. Ukuba ubushushu bokufudumala buphantsi, ukushisa kwe-welding layer kufuneka kuncitshiswe ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphantsi kwesiseko sokupholisa ngokukhawuleza kwe-welding layer, isantya se-shrinkage ye-welding layer ikhawuleza kunomlinganiselo we-shrinkage womzimba we-valve. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo olunjalo, i-welding layer kunye ne-original material yenza ngokukhawuleza uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, kwaye i-welding layer iyaqhekeka. Ii-angles ze-bevel kufuneka zithintelwe xa zivelisa izikhundla ze-welding.
Ubushushu bokufudumala buphantsi kakhulu, kwaye ukushisa kukhishwa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-welding.
Ubushushu obuqinileyo bomaleko buphantsi kakhulu, isantya sokugalela isikhenkcezisi sewelding sikhawuleza kakhulu kwisixhobo sokutshiza se-welding ekrwada.
I-welding material cobalt base alloy ngokwayo inobunzima obuphezulu obubomvu, xa isebenza kwi-500 ~ 700 ℃, amandla anokugcina i-300 ~ 500hb, kodwa i-ductility yayo iphantsi, ukumelana nokuqhekeka buthathaka, kulula ukuvelisa iintanda zekristale okanye iintanda ezibandayo, ngoko ke kufuneka ifudunyezwe phambi kokuba iwelding.
Ubushushu bokufudumala buxhomekeke kubukhulu besixhobo sokusebenza, kunye noluhlu lokufudumeza ngokubanzi luyi-350-500 ℃.
I-welding electrode coating kufuneka igcinwe ingaguquki ngaphambi kokuba i-welding ithintele ukufunxa ukufuma.
Ngexesha le-welding, ikhekhe ibhaka kwi-150 ℃ nge-1h kwaye emva koko ifakwe kwi-welding wire insulation cylinder.
I-arc r I-engile ye weld yokutshiza umngxuma ongenzulu kufuneka ibenkulu kangangoko, ngokubanzi r≥3mm, ukuba inkqubo iyavuma.
I-dn10 ~ 25mm yevalve ye-caliber yomzimba inokudityaniswa ukusuka ezantsi komngxuma ongekho nzulu ngocingo lwe-welding, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqondo lobushushu eliluqilima lomaleko ≥250*(2, embindini we-arc, i-arc ukuya kwisantya esicothayo esikhankanyiweyo ngocingo lokuwelda.
I-workpiece yemveliso yafudunyezwa kwiziko (250 ℃) ukuya kwi-350 10 20℃ phambi kokuwelda. Emva kwe-1.5h ye-insulation heat, i-welding yenziwa.
Kwangaxeshanye lawula iqondo lobushushu umaleko ≥250c, ukutshiza ukuwelda zonke isiphelo isiva welding. Emva kwe-welding, i-valve yomzimba kufuneka ifakwe ngokukhawuleza kwiziko (450 ℃) ukwenzela ukugquma ubushushu kunye nokugquma. Xa ubushushu bebhetshi okanye ukushisa kwe-welding yesithando somlilo kucinywa ukuya kwi-710 ± 20℃, ukufudumeza ubushushu kunye nokugquma kubanjwe i-2h kwaye emva koko kufakwe efrijini ngesithando somlilo. Xa i-dn yokulawula ubushushu ingaphezulu kwe-32mm, i-valve yomzimba kufuneka idityaniswe ibe yi-au shape kuqala ukusombulula ingxaki ye-elasticity engalinganiyo ebangelwa ukuqina okukhulu emva kokutshiza i-welding ye-cobalt-based alloy. Ngaphambi kokutshiza kwe-welding, i-workpiece yemveliso iyacocwa, i-workpiece yemveliso ifakwe kwiziko (ulawulo lobushushu ngu-250 ℃), lufudunyezwe kwi-450 ~ 500 ℃, ukufudumala ubushushu kwaye ubambe iiyure ezi-2, kwaye ukuwelda kubhengezwe.
Okokuqala, fafaza i-weld surface nge-cobalt-based alloy welding wire, kwaye ugqibezele ukuwelda kwesiva somaleko ngamnye. Kwangaxeshanye, lawula iqondo lobushushu phakathi kwamaleko ≥250℃, kwaye utshize weld isiva emva kwayo yonke isiphelo.
Emva koko endaweni martensitic steel stainless ucingo (cr eliphezulu, ni isihlobo isiqulatho intsimbi stainless steel) ukuwelda i weld U-ezimile. Emva kokuba i-welding yombane ye-valve body igqityiwe, iya kufakwa kwisithando somlilo ngokukhawuleza (450 ℃) ukwenzela ukufudumala ubushushu kunye nokugcinwa kobushushu. Emva kokugqitywa kwe-welding yombane yale bhetshi okanye isithando somlilo, ubushushu buya kunyuswa ukuya kuma-720±20℃ ukuze kucinywe.
Izinga lokufudumeza liyi-150 ℃ / h, kwaye ukufudumala ukushisa kugcinwa iiyure ezi-2.
Itanki ye-Electroplating iqulethe amanqanaba amabini ombane, i-workpiece yemveliso jikelele njenge-cathode, ukutshintsha ukufikelela kwamandla emva kokwakhiwa kwebala le-electrostatic phakathi kwemiba emibini, phantsi kweempembelelo ze-ioni zetsimbi ye-electrostatic okanye ingcambu ye-thiocyanogen ukuya kwi-cathode transfer, kwaye kufuphi nomphezulu we-cathode. ukuvelisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-double layer, Kule meko, i-ion concentration ejikeleze i-cathode incinci kuneyommandla ekuphepheni i-cathode, enokuthi ibangele ukudluliselwa kwe-ion kumgama omde.
I-ion ye-Metal positive okanye i-thiocyanogen ekhutshwe ngokukhutshwa kwee-ion eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuhambelana nomgca ophindwe kabini kwaye ifike kumphezulu we-cathode ukuvelisa i-oxidation reaction ukwenza iimolekyuli zetsimbi.
Electroplating inkqubo electroplating imbali kungoko kwangethuba, inkqubo yonyango umphezulu ekuqaleni uphando kunye nophuhliso ikakhulu ukuhlangabezana nothintelo umhlwa kunye nokuhonjiswa kufuneka.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso kunye nesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe, uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lweenkqubo ezintsha zemveliso, ngakumbi ukuvela kwezinye izinto ezintsha zokugquma kunye neteknoloji edibeneyo yokucwenga iye yandisa kakhulu intsimi yesicelo senkqubo yonyango lomphezulu, kwaye yenza ukuba inxalenye eyimfuneko yoyilo lobunjineli bomphezulu.
Inkqubo ye-Electroplating yenye yetekhnoloji ye-metal electrodeposition. Yinkqubo yokufumana i-alluvium yensimbi kwindawo eqinileyo nge-electrolysis. Injongo yalo kukutshintsha iimpawu zomphezulu wezinto eziqinileyo eziluhlaza, ukuphucula inkangeleko, ukuphucula ukuxhathisa ukubola, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kunye nokumelana nokukhuhlana, okanye ukulungisa intsimbi yentsimbi eneempawu ezikhethekileyo zokubumba. Nika umbane okhethekileyo, imagnethi, i-optical, i-thermal kunye nezinye iimpawu zomhlaba kunye nezinye iimpawu zenkqubo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, Inkqubo ye-electrodeposition yensimbi kwi-cathode iqulunqwe ezi nkqubo zilandelayoI-1) Inkqubo yokudlulisa ubushushu be-ion efakwe ngaphambili okanye iingcambu ze-thiocyanogen kwi-electrolyte yebhetri ye-lithium ukuya kwi-cathode (imveliso yomsebenzi wemveliso) okanye umphezulu wokudluliselwa ngenxa yokuhlukana koxinzelelo.2) inkqubo yokuguqulwa komphezulu we-ion yesinyithi okanye iingcambu zazo ze-thiocyanogen kumphezulu womgangatho wombane kunye nolwelo olukufutshane nomgangatho wenkqubo yokusabela kwe-oxidation, njengokuguqulwa kwe-thiocyanogen ligand okanye ukucuthwa kwenombolo yokulungelelanisa.3) inkqubo ye-photocatalytic ye-ion yensimbi okanye i-thiocyanogen kwi-cathode ukufumana i-electron, kwiimolekyuli zetsimbi. 4) inkqubo yokwakhiwa kwesigaba esitsha esiza kwenza isigaba esitsha, njengokubunjwa kwesinyithi okanye i-aluminium alloy. Itanki ye-Electroplating iqulethe amanqanaba ombane ama-2, i-workpiece yemveliso ngokubanzi njenge-cathode, ukutshintsha ukufikelela kombane emva kokwakhiwa kwebala le-electrostatic phakathi kwemiba emibini, phantsi kwempembelelo ye-ioni yensimbi ye-electrostatic field okanye i-thiocyanogen ingcambu kwi-cathode transfer, kwaye kufuphi ne-cathode. umphezulu ukuvelisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-double layer, ke i-cathode ejikeleze i-ion concentration ingaphantsi koxinaniso lwe-ion kwindawo yokuphepha i-cathode, Ingakhokelela ekugqithisweni komgama omde we-ion.
I-ion ye-Metal positive okanye i-thiocyanogen ekhutshwe ngokukhutshwa kwee-ion eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuhambelana nomgca ophindwe kabini kwaye ifike kumphezulu we-cathode ukuvelisa i-oxidation reaction ukwenza iimolekyuli zetsimbi.
Ubunzima bokuhlawula kunye nokukhutshwa kwee-ion ezintle kwinqanaba ngalinye kwindawo ye-cathode ayifani. Kwi-node kunye ne-Angle ebukhali yekristale, ukuqina kwangoku kunye nesenzo se-electrostatic sikhulu kakhulu kunezinye izikhundla zekristale. Kwangaxeshanye, i-molecular unsaturated fat ebekwe kwi-crystal node kunye ne-acute Angle inomthamo ophezulu wokubhengeza. Kwaye apha intlawulo kunye nokukhutshwa kwesi siza kwenza i-lattice constant of molekyuli kwisinyithi. Indawo ekhethiweyo yokutshaja kunye nokukhutshwa kwale ion elungileyo iliso lekristale yentsimbi ecatyisweyo.
Njengoko amehlo ekhula ecaleni kwekristale, umaleko wokukhula kwemonatomic wenziwa ngokudityaniswa ileli yoqoqosho lwangaphandle. Ngenxa yokuba i-lattice engaguqukiyo ebusweni bentsimbi ye-cathode iqulethe uxinzelelo lomhlaba olwandisiweyo yi-lattice yamandla angaguqukiyo, iiathom ezincanyathiselwe ngokuthe ngcembe kumphezulu we-cathode zithatha kuphela indawo eqhubekayo kunye nesakhiwo se-molecular ye-substrate metal (cathode), kungakhathaliseki umahluko. kwi-lattice eqhubekayo yejometri kunye neenkcukacha phakathi kwe-substrate metal kunye nentsimbi yokugquma. Ukuba ulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli yentsimbi yokugquma yahluke kakhulu kuleyo ye-substrate, ukukhula kwecrystallization kuya kufana nolwakhiwo lwemolekyuli yesiseko, kwaye emva koko ngokuthe ngcembe utshintshe kwisakhiwo sayo esizinzileyo semolekyuli. Ubume bemolekyuli ye-electroalluvium buxhomekeke kwiimpawu zecrystallographic zetsimbi eqokelelweyo ngokwayo, kunye nesakhiwo sombutho sixhomekeke kwimimiselo yenkqubo ye-electrocrystallization ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Ukubumbana kwe-alluvium kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kugxininiso lwe-ion, utshintshiselwano lwangoku kunye nomphezulu we-surfactant, kunye nobungakanani bekristale yekristale ye-electrocrystal ixhomekeke kakhulu kugxininiso lomphezulu we-surfactant.
Emibini, inkqubo enye yokubeka isinyithi enye ibhekisa kwisisombululo esinohlobo lwee-ion zetsimbi kuphela, emva kokwaleka ukwenza indlela yokwaleka yesinyithi enye.
Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokufakwa kwentsimbi enye ikakhulu zibandakanya idiphu eshushu, i-copper plating, i-nickel plating, insimbi engenasici, i-tin kunye ne-tin plating, njl. yoyilo lokuhombisa kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zobuthathaka.
Umgangatho oqhelekileyo we-electrode ye-zinc yi-0.76v. Kwi-substrate yensimbi, i-zinc coating i-subanodic oxidation coating, eyona nto isetyenziselwa ukuphepha ukubola kwentsimbi. Inkqubo ye-Electrogalvanizing yohlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: idiphu yediphu eshushu ngokwasemzimbeni kunye ne-galvanizing yediphu eshushu ngaphandle kwecyanide.
Idiphu eshushu yediphu ibonakaliswa ngumsebenzi olungileyo wokucwenga kwisisombululo esinamanzi, ukutyabeka okugudileyo kunye nokuthambileyo, ukusetyenziswa okubanzi, isisombululo se-plating sahlulwe saba yi-cyanide encinci, i-cyanide ephantsi, i-cyanide ephakathi kunye neeklasi ezininzi ze-cyanide.
Kodwa ngenxa yokuba i-substance iyityhefu, kwiminyaka yakutshanje ithande ukukhetha i-micro cyanide kwaye akukho sisombululo se-cyanide.
Isisombululo se-cyanide esingena-cyanide sibandakanya isisombululo se-asidi se-phosphate phosphate, isisombululo se-salt plating, isisombululo se-potassium thiocyanate kunye nesisombululo se-hingeless fluoride plating.
1. Inxalenye yealkali eshushu dip galvanizing ukutyabeka crystal ecolekileyo, isilungiseleli seglosi elungileyo, umgangatho isisombululo plating kunye nesakhono enzulu yokucwenga zilungile, vumela ukusetyenziswa ngamandla langoku kunye lobushushu uluhlu lubanzi, umhlwa encinane kwinkqubo.
Ilungele iindawo ezinenkqubo entsonkothileyo yokufakwa kwe-electroplating kunye nobukhulu bokugquma ngaphezulu kwe-120μm, kodwa amandla angoku esisombululo se-plating asezantsi kwaye anetyhefu.
Le miba ilandelayo kufuneka iqwalaselwe kuqwalaselo lwesisombululo se-plating kunye nenkqubo yokucwenga: 1} lawula ngokungqongqo ukuxinana kwecandelo ngalinye kwisisombululo sokucoca.
Ixabiso lokugxininiswa kwecandelo ngalinye le-cyanide ephezulu eshushu-dip isisombululo samanzi e-galvanized (i-moll / L} kufuneka igcinwe njenge: 2) ingqalelo kwisisombululo kwindawo yokuhlambela, i-sodium hydroxide kunye namacandelo anxulumene negesi.
Xa ukubunjwa kwe-sulfide kudlula i-50 ~ 100g / L, i-conductivity yesisombululo se-plating iyancitshiswa, kwaye unyango lwe-anodic oxidation passivation kufuneka lusetyenziswe kwindlela yokukhenkcela (ubushushu befriji yi-5 ℃, ubude bungaphezulu kwe-8h, i-potassium carbonate. ixabiso lokugxininiswa liyancipha ukuya kwi-30 ~ 40g / L). Okanye indlela yokutshintshiselana nge-ion (ukongeza i-sodium carbonate okanye i-barium hydroxide deposition kwisisombululo se-plating) ukuba iphathwe. I-3) ukusetyenziswa kwe-anodic oxidation ye-plate yensimbi epholileyo (umxholo we-zinc we-99.97%) kufuneka uhlawule ingqalelo kwi-sleeve ye-anodic oxidation, ukuphepha udaka lwe-anode olujikelezayo kwisisombululo se-plating, ukwenzela ukuba i-coating ingabi lula.
I-4) Uvakalelo lwesisombululo se-galvanized ye-hot-dip kwi-residu incinci, kwaye umxholo wayo ovumelekileyo: i-copper 0.075 - 0.2g / L, i-lead 0.02 - 0.04g / L,0.05 - 0.15g / L, i-tin 0.05 - 0.1 g/L, chromium 0.015 — 0.025g/L, Ukungcola kwintsimbi 0.15g/L · isisombululo seplating singasombululwa ngeendlela ezilandelayo: Yongeza i-12.5-3g / L i-sodium sulfide, ukuze ikwazi ukwenza i-sulfide precipitate ngentsimbi kunye nelothe kunye nezinye i-ion engundoqo yentsimbi engundoqo yokususa: Yongeza i-zinc powder encinci, ukwenzela ukuba ubhedu kunye nelothe inokutshintshwa ezantsi kwetanki ukususa: ingakwazi ukuvala isisombululo, i-cathode yangoku yamandla yi-0.1-0.2 A / cm2.
2 inxenye yealkali zinki iphosphate eshushu dip galvanized ngokwenxalenye alkali zinc acid th diphu eshushu ukubunjwa ibhafu yangasese ilula, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ecolekileyo kwaye eqaqambileyo ukutyabeka, ukutyabeka akukho lula ukucima, umhlwa encinane inkqubo, unyango lwelindle kwakhona kulula kakhulu.
Kodwa isisombululo se-plating somgangatho we-homogeneous plating kunye nobuchule obunzulu bokucwenga ngaphezu kwesisombululo se-plating sihluphekile, ukuqina kwangoku kuphantsi (70% ~ 80%), ukugquma phezu kophuculo oluthile lwe-ductility.