Palibe tanthauzo lautumiki. Zitha kuganiziridwa kuti zikutanthawuza mtengo wokwera mtengo wosinthira valve kapena zochitika zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu yokonza.
Kufunika kwapadziko lonse lapansi kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira ntchito kuti apititse patsogolo phindu la magawo onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ntchito zovuta. Izi zimachokera ku mafuta ndi gasi, mafuta a petrochemicals kupita ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi kupanga magetsi, mineral processing ndi migodi.
Okonza ndi mainjiniya akuyesera kukwaniritsa cholingachi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Njira yoyenera kwambiri ndikuwonjezera nthawi komanso kuchita bwino powongolera magawo azinthu (monga kutsekeka kogwira mtima komanso kuwongolera bwino kwamayendedwe).
Kukhathamiritsa kwachitetezo kumakhalanso ndi gawo lofunikira, chifukwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zolowa m'malo kumatha kubweretsa malo otetezedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kampaniyo ikugwira ntchito yochepetsera zida (kuphatikiza mapampu ndi mavavu) komanso kutayika kofunikira. Nthawi yomweyo, eni malo amayembekeza kubweza kwakukulu kuchokera kuzinthu zawo. Chifukwa chake, kuchulukitsidwa kwamphamvu kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mapaipi ocheperako (koma okulirapo) ndi zida ndi zida zochepera pamayendedwe omwewo.
Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera pa kukhala okulirapo kwa ma diameter a mapaipi okulirapo, zigawo zosiyanasiyana zamakina zimafunikanso kupirira nthawi yayitali kumadera ovuta kuti zichepetse kufunikira kokonza ndikusintha m'malo.
Zigawo kuphatikiza ma valve ndi mipira ya valve ziyenera kukhala zolimba kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe mukufuna, koma zimatha kuwonjezera moyo wawo. Komabe, vuto lalikulu ndi ntchito zambiri ndikuti zigawo zachitsulo zafika malire awo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti opanga atha kupeza njira zina m'malo mwazinthu zopanda zitsulo pazofunikira, makamaka zida za ceramic.
Zomwe zimafunikira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazigawo zovuta kwambiri ndi monga kukana kutentha, kukana dzimbiri, kukana kutopa, kuuma, mphamvu, ndi kulimba.
Kulimba mtima ndi gawo lofunikira, chifukwa zigawo zomwe sizitha kupirira zimatha kulephera mowopsa. Kulimba kwa zida za ceramic kumatanthauzidwa ngati kukana kufalitsa ming'alu. Nthawi zina, imatha kuyeza pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolowera kuti ipeze mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito mtanda wa mbali imodzi kungapereke zotsatira zolondola.
Mphamvu zimagwirizana ndi kulimba, koma zimatanthawuza malo amodzi omwe chinthu chimawonongeka kwambiri pamene kupsinjika maganizo kukugwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "modulus of rupture", yomwe imapezeka poyesa mphamvu yopindika ya mfundo zitatu kapena zinayi pa ndodo yoyesera. Mtengo wa mayeso a mfundo zitatu ndi 1% kuposa mtengo wa mayeso anayi.
Ngakhale masikelo ambiri kuphatikiza kuuma kwa Rockwell ndi Vickers kuuma kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza kuuma, Vickers microhardness sikelo ndi yoyenera kwambiri pazida zapamwamba za ceramic. Kuuma kumasintha mogwirizana ndi kukana kuvala kwa zinthu.
M'ma valve omwe akugwira ntchito mozungulira, kutopa ndiye vuto lalikulu chifukwa cha kutsegula ndi kutseka kosalekeza kwa valve. Kutopa ndiye poyambira mphamvu. Kupitirira malire awa, zinthuzo zimakhala zolephera pansi pa mphamvu yake yopindika.
Kukana kwa dzimbiri kumadalira malo ogwirira ntchito komanso sing'anga yomwe ili ndi zinthuzo. Kuphatikiza pa "hydrothermal degradation", zida zambiri zapamwamba za ceramic ndizabwino kuposa zitsulo m'munda uno, ndipo zida zina zochokera ku zirconia zidzakumana ndi "hydrothermal degradation" pambuyo pokumana ndi nthunzi yotentha kwambiri.
Ma geometry, coefficient yowonjezera kutentha, kutentha kwa matenthedwe, kulimba ndi mphamvu za zigawozo zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwa kutentha. Derali limapangitsa kuti matenthedwe azitha kutenthedwa komanso kulimba, kotero kuti zigawo zazitsulo zimatha kugwira ntchito bwino. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwa zida za ceramic tsopano kumapereka milingo yovomerezeka yokana kugwedezeka kwamafuta.
Zida za ceramic zapamwamba zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri ndipo ndizodziwika pakati pa akatswiri odalirika, opanga zomera ndi opanga ma valve omwe amafunikira ntchito zapamwamba komanso zamtengo wapatali. Malinga ndi zofunikira zenizeni zogwiritsira ntchito, ndizoyenera kupanga zosiyana m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Komabe, zida zadothi zinayi zapamwamba ndizofunikira kwambiri pantchito yofuna mavavu okonza, kuphatikiza silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), alumina ndi zirconia. Zida za valve ndi mpira wa valve zimasankhidwa malinga ndi zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Valavu imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya zirconia, yomwe imakhala ndi coefficient yowonjezereka yamafuta ndi kuuma ngati chitsulo. Magnesium oxide pang'ono okhazikika zirconia (Mg-PSZ) ali ndi kutentha kwambiri kukana kugwedezeka ndi kulimba, pamene yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ndi yovuta, koma imatha kuwonongeka ndi hydrothermal.
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ili ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana. Kuthamanga kwa gasi sintered silicon nitride (GPPSN) ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pama valve ndi zigawo za valve. Kuphatikiza pa kulimba kwake kwapakati, ilinso ndi kuuma kwakukulu ndi mphamvu, kukana kwambiri kwa kutentha kwa kutentha ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo otentha kwambiri, Si3N4 imatha kusintha zirconia kuti iteteze kuwonongeka kwa hydrothermal.
Ndi bajeti yolimba, concentrator angasankhe kuchokera ku SiC kapena alumina. Zida zonsezi zimakhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu, koma sizolimba kuposa zirconia kapena silicon nitride. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti zinthuzo ndizoyenera kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito chigawo cha static, monga ma valve liners ndi mipando ya valve, m'malo mwa mpira kapena disc yomwe imakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri.
Poyerekeza ndi zida zachitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma valve (kuphatikiza ferrochrome (CrFe), tungsten carbide, Hastelloy ndi Stellite), zida zadothi zapamwamba zimakhala ndi kulimba kochepa komanso mphamvu zofananira.
Kufunikira kwa ntchito kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ma valve ozungulira, monga ma valve a butterfly, trunnions, ma valve oyandama a mpira ndi akasupe. M'mapulogalamu otere, Si3N4 ndi zirconia zimakhala ndi kukana kutenthedwa kwa kutentha, kulimba ndi mphamvu, ndipo zimatha kutengera malo ovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kuuma ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa zinthuzo, moyo wautumiki wa chigawocho ndi kangapo kuposa gawo lachitsulo. Zopindulitsa zina zimaphatikizapo mawonekedwe a ntchito pa moyo wa valve, makamaka m'madera omwe kudulidwa ndi kuwongolera kumasungidwa.
Izi zinasonyezedwa pa nkhani ya 65mm (2.6 inchi) valve kynar / RTFE mpira ndi liner yowonekera ku 98% sulfuric acid kuphatikiza ilmenite, ilmenite ikusandulika kukhala titanium oxide pigment. Kuwonongeka kwa zofalitsa kumatanthauza kuti moyo wa zigawozi ukhoza kukhala utali wa masabata asanu ndi limodzi. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito valavu yozungulira (yomwe ili ndi magnesium oxide partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ)) yopangidwa ndi Nilcra™ (Chithunzi 1) imakhala ndi kuuma kwambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri ndipo yaperekedwa kwa zaka zitatu. Utumiki wapakatikati, wopanda kutha ndi kung'ambika kulikonse.
Mu ma valve ozungulira (kuphatikiza ma valve, ma throttle valves kapena globe valves), zirconia ndi silicon nitride ndizoyenera mapulagi onse ndi mipando ya ma valve chifukwa cha "chisindikizo cholimba" chazinthuzi. Mofananamo, aluminiyamu ingagwiritsidwe ntchito muzitsulo zina ndi makola. Kupyolera mu mpira wofananira pa mphete ya mpando, kusindikiza kwakukulu kungathe kupezedwa.
Pachimake cha valavu, kuphatikiza valavu ya spool, cholowera ndi cholowera kapena kubisala kwa ma valve, chilichonse mwazinthu zinayi zazikuluzikulu za ceramic zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi zofunikira. Kuuma kwakukulu ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa zinthuzo kwatsimikizira kukhala kopindulitsa pankhani ya magwiridwe antchito ndi moyo wautumiki.
Tengani valavu yagulugufe ya DN150 yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyengera bauxite ku Australia monga chitsanzo. Kuchuluka kwa silika m'kati mwake kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kuvala kwambiri pazitsulo za valve. Liner ndi valavu disc yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambilira idapangidwa ndi 28% CrFe alloy ndipo idatenga masabata asanu ndi atatu kapena khumi okha. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma valve opangidwa ndi Nilcra™ zirconia (Chithunzi 2), moyo wautumiki wawonjezedwa mpaka masabata 70.
Chifukwa cha kulimba kwake komanso mphamvu zake, zoumba za ceramic zimagwira ntchito bwino pamavavu ambiri. Komabe, ndi kuuma kwawo ndi kukana dzimbiri zomwe zimathandiza kukulitsa moyo wa valve. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zimawonjezera chitetezo pochepetsa nthawi yochepetsera zida zosinthira, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi zosungira, kasamalidwe kakang'ono kamanja, ndikuchepetsa kutayikira, motero kumachepetsa mtengo wanthawi zonse.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, kugwiritsa ntchito zida za ceramic mu ma valve othamanga kwambiri ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa kwambiri, chifukwa ma valvewa amakhala ndi katundu wambiri wa axial kapena torsional. Komabe, osewera akulu mu gawoli akupanga mapangidwe a mpira wa valve omwe amathandizira kupulumuka kwa torque ya actuation.
Cholepheretsa china chachikulu ndi kukula. Kukula kwa mpando waukulu wa valve ndi mpira waukulu wa valve (Chithunzi 3) opangidwa ndi magnesia okhazikika pang'ono zirconia ndi DN500 ndi DN250, motsatira. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amakono amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zoumba kuti apange mbali zomwe miyeso yake siyiposa miyeso iyi.
Ngakhale tsopano zatsimikiziridwa kuti zida za ceramic zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chisankho choyenera, palinso malangizo osavuta kutsatira kuti muwonjezere magwiridwe antchito ake. Zida za ceramic ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kuchepetsa ndalama. Zonse mkati ndi kunja ziyenera kupeŵa ngodya zakuthwa komanso kupsinjika maganizo.
Kusagwirizana kulikonse komwe kungatheke kukulitsa kutentha kuyenera kuganiziridwa panthawi yomanga. Kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwa hoop, ndikofunikira kusunga ceramic kunja osati mkati. Potsirizira pake, kufunikira kwa kulolerana kwa geometric ndi kumaliza pamwamba kuyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala, chifukwa kulolerana kumeneku kungapangitse kwambiri ndalama zosafunikira.
Potsatira malangizowa ndi machitidwe abwino posankha zipangizo ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi ogulitsa kuyambira pachiyambi cha polojekitiyi, yankho labwino likhoza kukwaniritsidwa pa ntchito iliyonse yofunikira.
Izi zapezedwa, kuwunikiridwa ndikusinthidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zoperekedwa ndi Morgan Advanced Materials.
Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. (Novembala 28, 2019). Zida zapamwamba za ceramic zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ntchito. AZoM. Kutengedwa kuchokera https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305 pa Marichi 9, 2021.
Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Zida zapamwamba za ceramic zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri". AZoM. Marichi 9, 2021.
Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Zida zapamwamba za ceramic zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri". AZoM. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305. (Idapezeka pa Marichi 9, 2021).
Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. 2019. Zida za ceramic zapamwamba zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ntchito. AZoM, nthawi yowonera ndi Marichi 9, 2021, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx? ArticleID = 12305.
Elodie Verzoli ndi woyang'anira malonda a UHV solutions ku OSAY PHYSICS (yothandizira a TOH). Adafunsidwa za ntchito zazikulu za NanoSpace ndi chifukwa chake idakhala gawo lofunikira pazogulitsa za TOH.
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Timagwiritsa ntchito makeke kuti tiwongolere luso lanu. Mukapitiliza kuyang'ana webusayiti iyi, mukuvomera kugwiritsa ntchito makeke. Zambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-10-2021
