Nibihe bikenerwa na peteroli na gazi bikwiranye n’imiyoboro y’amazi kugira ngo umutekano w’isoko uhindurwe kandi kurengera ibidukikije bigomba kurindwa n’amategeko

Nibihe bikenerwa na peteroli na gazi bikwiranye n’imiyoboro y’amazi kugira ngo umutekano w’isoko uhindurwe kandi kurengera ibidukikije bigomba kurindwa n’amategeko

Bikwiranye nubushyuhe bwumuvuduko wubushyuhe buri munsi ya 425 ℃ mubyukuri urashobora guhitamo: irembo ryamarembo, guca-valve. Hitamo amavuta avanze hejuru ya 400 ℃. Irembo ry'irembo rikoreshwa cyane cyane kumurongo wingenzi wumuyoboro wamazi, ni ukuvuga, valve idakunze gufungura no kuzimya. Globe valve ikoreshwa cyane cyane kubakoresha hafi yibikoresho bya valve, kuko iyi valve ifite ingaruka nziza yo kugenzura imigendere. Bikwiranye nubushyuhe bwumuvuduko wubushyuhe buri munsi ya 425 ℃ mubyukuri urashobora guhitamo: irembo ryamarembo, guca-valve.
Hitamo amavuta avanze hejuru ya 400 ℃.
Irembo ry'irembo rikoreshwa cyane cyane kumurongo wingenzi wumuyoboro wamazi, ni ukuvuga, valve idakunze gufungura no kuzimya.
Globe valve ikoreshwa cyane cyane kubakoresha hafi yibikoresho bya valve, kuko iyi valve ifite ingaruka nziza yo kugenzura imigendere.
Umuyoboro wo guhitamo imiyoboro ya parike ni ukureba cyane cyane ubushyuhe, umuvuduko, imikorere nuburyo bwo kwishyiriraho.
Ibinyugunyugu birashobora gukoreshwa kumiyoboro ya parike?
Niba ikoreshwa kumuyoboro wamazi, ntibisabwa gukoresha valve yikinyugunyugu, kubera ko umuvuduko uri muri valve yikinyugunyugu ari nini, guhinduranya biragoye gukora, byoroshye kwangiza ubuso bwa kashe, ntibishobora rero gufungurwa no kuzimya, muri imikorere nk'irembo ry'irembo;
Ariko, niba umuvuduko wumuyoboro utari mwinshi cyane (munsi ya 6.4mpa), urashobora kandi gukoreshwa, ariko kubera ubushyuhe bwinshi, birasabwa gukoresha icyuma gikomeye kinyugunyugu kinyugunyugu, gishobora guhitamo ikinyugunyugu kidasanzwe cyumubiri WCB .
Ibikenerwa na peteroli na gazi bitera isoko isoko ry'umutekano kurinda ibidukikije no kurengera amategeko, kuko ibyifuzo byacu kuri peteroli na gaze bigenda byiyongera, iyubakwa ry'umuyoboro rihora mugihe cyiterambere rirambye. Bitewe n'ibiranga umuvuduko ukabije, gutwika no guturika hagati kandi yoroheje ibidukikije bya peteroli na gaze, umutekano no kwizerwa byo gutwara imiyoboro birahangayikishije cyane. Kumenyekanisha ibyago no kugenzura ibibazo byihutirwa. Byihutirwa kubaka umurongo wo kurengera amategeko kugirango urinde umutekano w’imiyoboro utekereza kugendera ku mategeko.
Ibikenerwa na peteroli na gaze bitera umutekano ku isoko kandi kurengera ibidukikije bigomba gukingirwa n’amategeko
Hamwe n’iterambere rirambye kandi rihamye ry’ubukungu bw’Ubushinwa no gukomeza kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage, icyifuzo cya peteroli na gaze nacyo kiriyongera, kandi kubaka umuyoboro w’Ubushinwa byabaye mu gihe cy’iterambere rirambye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ingaruka z’umutekano w’imiyoboro no kurengera ibidukikije nazo ziriyongera.
Dukurikije ingamba ziterambere ryumuhanda umwe n'umuhanda umwe mugihugu cyacu, urugendo rwo gukora imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze ruzarushaho kuba rurerure, umutekano no kurengera ibidukikije nabyo bizagenda byiyongera. Nigute ** ni ikibazo abayobozi bagomba guhura nacyo.
Iterambere ryihuse ryimiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze
Nk’uko amakuru yatangajwe kugeza ubu, mu 2014 Ubushinwa bwari bufite kilometero 106.000 z’imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze, aho abarenga 70 ku ijana bagenzurwa na peteroli, Sinopec na CNOOC. Biteganijwe ko mu mpera za 2015, imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze mu Bushinwa izagera kuri kilometero 150.000, kandi hazashyirwaho uburyo bwuzuye bw’imiyoboro yo mu gihugu no mu mahanga.
Muri rusange, umuyoboro wa peteroli ya peteroli mu Bushinwa watangiye gushingwa. Umuyoboro wa peteroli wibanze wibanze washyizweho ahanini, kandi imiyoboro yo mu karere yarushijeho kunozwa. Umuyoboro wa peteroli uva mu Bushinwa ugana mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, mu Bushinwa bw'Amajyaruguru, mu Bushinwa bw'Uburasirazuba, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba, ku nkombe no ku nkombe z’ibigega bya peteroli ya peteroli nk'umuhuza, bikubiyemo inganda zikomeye zo gutunganya no gutunganya imiti mu gihugu ndetse n'ibirindiro by’ibigega, imiyoboro ya peteroli ni yibanze ku byambu bihana imbibi n’ibyambu byo ku nkombe, mu majyaruguru y’amajyaruguru, mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa peteroli no mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba, Amajyaruguru n’Ubushinwa.
Mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ubukungu bw’Ubushinwa, icyifuzo cya peteroli itunganijwe ni kinini, kandi uburyo bwo guhuza peteroli yatunganijwe nabwo burashimangira. Umuyoboro wa peteroli utunganijwe neza hamwe n’inganda, ububiko bwo kohereza peteroli hamwe n’ububiko nk’umugongo w’isoko ry’abaguzi byashinzwe mu gihugu hose. Biteganijwe ko mu mpera za gahunda y’imyaka 12 y’imyaka itanu, biteganijwe ko uburebure bw’imiyoboro ya peteroli yatunganijwe mu Bushinwa burenga kilometero 30.000.
Hagati aho, kubaka umuyoboro wa gazi karemano nabyo biratera imbere byihuse. Kugeza ubu, umuyoboro w’umugongo wa gazi karemano washyizweho mbere.
Usibye imiyoboro yo ku nkombe, Ubushinwa bwubatse imiyoboro minini ya peteroli na gaze yo mu nyanja, harimo na Jinzhou 20-2 umurima wa gazi ya kondensate kugeza ku muyoboro w’amazi yo mu nyanja, umurima wa gazi wa Boxi ugana mu mazi yo mu mazi ya Tianjin, Bohai Suizhong 36-1 y’amavuta yo mu nyanja kugeza ku nyanja. , n'ibindi.
Muri icyo gihe, umuyoboro w’ibikomoka kuri peteroli w’Ubushinwa-Qazaqistan, umuyoboro wa gazi karemano wo muri Aziya yo hagati, umuyoboro wa peteroli na gaze mu Bushinwa-Miyanimari, umuyoboro w’ibikomoka kuri peteroli uva mu Bushinwa-Uburusiya ndetse n’inyanja y’amajyepfo y’iburasirazuba, ibyo bikaba ari imiyoboro minini y’ingufu z’amahanga, nazo zihuza igihugu n’amahanga. umutungo wa peteroli na gaze cyane.
Umutekano w'imiyoboro no kurengera ibidukikije ugaragaza ibibazo bishya
Imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze irangwa numuvuduko mwinshi, uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu butwika kandi buturika, hamwe nibidukikije byoroshye. Gucukura no kubaka ku buryo butunguranye ku muyoboro no kwangirika kw’abandi bantu bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere myiza y’imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze, kandi bigahungabanya umutekano w’ubuzima n’umutungo wa ba nyiri inyubako zitemewe n’abakozi bakora mu bwubatsi mu buryo butemewe.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zikoresha imiyoboro mu Bushinwa, umutekano n’ubwizerwe bw’ubwikorezi bw’imiyoboro birahangayikishije cyane, kandi kumenya ingaruka no kugenzura imiyoboro ihura n’ikibazo cyihutirwa kigomba gukemuka. Duhereye kuri ubu, uko ibintu bimeze muri rusange kurinda umutekano w'imiyoboro biragenda neza. Ariko ibibazo bimwe ntibishobora kwirengagizwa, hariho cyane cyane ibi bikurikira.
Imwe murimwe nikibazo gikomeye cyo gucukura no kwiba amavuta. Bimwe mubibazo byubujura bwamavuta byerekana ibimenyetso bishya biranga ubwenge nubuhanga. Intara ya Shandong, Hebei na Liaoning iracyari ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa cyane.
Iya kabiri ni akamaro ko kurinda insinga ya optique. Umuyoboro w'itumanaho niwo musingi wo kugenzura kure no gucunga neza imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze. Hamwe n’umusaruro w’imiyoboro mishya yubatswe mu myaka yashize, ingaruka zo kumena insinga ku musaruro n’imikorere y’inganda zikoresha imiyoboro iragaragara cyane.
Icya gatatu, byihutirwa byo gusukura imitwaro.
Icya kane, ibigoye byo kugenzura iyubakwa ryabandi. Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryubwubatsi bwubukungu bwigihugu, kubaka ubwubatsi kumuyoboro bigenda byiyongera, kandi umubare wubwubatsi bwose bwambukiranya *** uragenda wiyongera.
Isosiyete ikora imiyoboro umuntu uri mu masomo y’ubushakashatsi atekereza, ukurikije umutekano w’umuyoboro n’umutekano w’umutekano w’ibidukikije uhura n’ingaruka nyinshi: igenamigambi ry’imijyi n’ubwubatsi, inganda n’ubwubatsi, kwangirika kw'imiyoboro, gusaza, inzira ikora nabi, gukubita bunkering , igice cya gatatu cyangiritse, kubaka igice cya gatatu, guhuza imiyoboro, ibiza, nibindi.
Dukurikije ibyo, abashinzwe imiyoboro bagomba kwitegura kumenya no kugenzura ibyago, gushyiraho impanuka irashobora gukumirwa, igitekerezo cy’ibyago gishobora kuba preontrol, hifashishijwe ikizamini cya siyansi y’umubiri, ikizamini cy’ibidukikije, gusuzuma ingaruka, uburyo bwo kumenya ingaruka, nko kubinyuza uburyo bwa siyansi kandi bushyize mu gaciro bwo gusana imiyoboro, kubungabunga, no kunoza imicungire yihutirwa, nubundi buryo, ikintu ku kindi, ibyago byo kugenzura, Ibyago byumuyoboro birashobora kugenzurwa muburyo bwemewe.
Gushiraho ibitekerezo byemewe kumuyoboro wa peteroli na gaze
Gukoresha ibitekerezo byemewe nuburyo bwemewe bwo kurinda imiyoboro no kubaka uburyo bwo kurinda imiyoboro mu rwego rwamategeko nibyo bisobanuro byingenzi byo kugendera kumategeko. By'umwihariko, byihutirwa kubaka umurongo wo kwirwanaho mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko no kugendera ku mategeko.
Itegeko ridasanzwe ry’umutekano w’ibikoresho, ryatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Mutarama 2014, ryashyizemo imiyoboro ndende yo gutwara abantu mu rwego rwo gucunga ibikoresho byihariye, kandi ishyiraho ibisabwa cyane mu gushyiraho imiyoboro, kugerageza, kwiyandikisha, gukoresha, kugenzura, kugenzura no gucunga no gutabara byihutirwa. Itegeko rigenga umutekano ku kazi, ryatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Ukuboza 2014, rikubiyemo ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda ishinzwe umutekano ku kazi mu rwego rwo kugenzura no gusuzuma, rishyiraho uburyo bwo kumenya no guhangana n’akaga kihishe, kandi ryongera ibihano ku ihohoterwa. Itegeko ryo kurengera ibidukikije ryatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Mutarama 2015, ryateje imbere uburyo 10 bwo kurengera ibidukikije ku bigo n’ibigo bya Leta, kandi bushyira ahagaragara ibisabwa byinshi mu gukumira impanuka no guta byihutirwa imiyoboro.
Ntibisanzwe mu mateka y'Ubushinwa gushyiraho no gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko abigenga ku bucuruzi ku bwinshi. Igihe kirageze ngo Ubushinwa buyobore imishinga ikurikije amategeko. Icyakora, haracyari byinshi byo gukora mbere yuko amategeko abigenga ashyirwa mubikorwa, kandi umuyoboro wemewe uracyafite inzira zimwe.
Mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, umusaruro w’umutekano w’imiyoboro ugomba kubahiriza ihame ryumutekano, gukumira mbere na mbere gucunga neza. Gutezimbere amategeko n'amabwiriza, shingira ku iterambere ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga, gushimangira ubushakashatsi bwa politiki nk'intambwe yambere, kugenzura ubugenzuzi bw'amategeko, gukosora bidasanzwe nk'uburyo, gukoresha byimazeyo amategeko n'amabwiriza, politiki y'ubukungu n'ubundi buryo, kugira ngo biteze imbere inzego zibishinzwe muri hakurikijwe amategeko, siyanse, mbere y’imicungire y’umutekano, kwihutisha ishyirwaho rya sisitemu ishinzwe imirimo yo kurinda imiyoboro.
Mu rwego rwo gushimangira iyubakwa ry’amategeko, hagomba gushyirwaho ingufu ziva mu nkomoko y’amategeko kugira ngo agenzure kandi acunge hakurikijwe amategeko.
Abakozi b'inganda zikora imiyoboro bagomba kubanza kumenyera amabwiriza no gukora ibintu bikurikije amategeko; Gufatanya n’inzego z’ibanze gukora ibikorwa rusange byo kwamamaza no kwigisha mu rwego rwo kurushaho kumenyekanisha amategeko n’imyumvire y’umutekano w’ibikoresho. Gukusanya ibitabo byigisha umutekano wa peteroli na gazi hanyuma ubikwirakwize mubice byibanze. Gukusanya neza-byoroshye kandi byoroshye gusobanukirwa nigitabo cyo kurinda imiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro, ** kuyikwirakwiza kubaturage, no gufatanya ninzego zibanze mubikorwa byo kwamamaza.
Inganda zikoresha peteroli na gaze zigomba guhuza, gufatanya no kuvugana ninzego zose za guverinoma n’imikoranire ifitanye isano n’umuryango. Gutanga uruhare runini rwibikorwa byihariye byo gukosora umutekano w’umutekano n’umutekano mu bucukuzi bwa peteroli na gaze hamwe n’umusaruro wa peteroli na gaze, ushizemo inzego z’ubuyobozi z’ubwubatsi bw’imijyi n’igenamigambi ry’ubutaka, kandi usobanure inshingano zazo. Buhoro buhoro shakisha ishyirwaho ryumutekano wa peteroli na gaze uburyo bwigihe kirekire.
Inganda zikoresha imiyoboro zigomba kwibanda ku kunoza imitunganyirize, sisitemu, inshingano, kugenzura, sisitemu n’ingwate y’ikigega, kunoza gahunda y’imyanya y’imyanya, no gushyira mu bikorwa inshingano nyamukuru z’umusaruro w’umutekano mu bigo; Kora gahunda yihutirwa, ushimangire guhuza ibinyabuzima na gahunda yihutirwa; Gushimangira gukurikirana no kugenzura inkomoko y’ibyago; Gushiraho ibimenyetso nibimenyetso byerekana imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze gasanzwe; Kunoza sisitemu yo gucunga HSE (ubuzima, umutekano, ibidukikije); Gushimangira amahugurwa yubumenyi bwumutekano bwabayobozi n'abakozi mu nzego zose; Ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryamakuru nubuhanga bwo gucunga; Kongera ishoramari muri siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga, kuzamura urwego rw'ibikoresho bya tekiniki n'umuyoboro no gushyira ubuziranenge.
Kugenga imishinga ikurikije amategeko, dukwiye kugira imyumvire yamategeko no kunoza ubushobozi bwo gukemura ibibazo dukurikije amategeko. Gushimangira iyubakwa ry'amategeko, kunoza urwego rw'imikorere n'imicungire, no kugera ku mategeko kandi yubahiriza; Gushimangira uburezi mu by'amategeko no kumenyekanisha kugira ngo habeho imiyoborere myiza; Bafite ibikoresho by’umwuga mu rwego rwo kurengera uburenganzira n’inyungu z’inganda hakurikijwe amategeko; Gushimangira kubaka imishinga yumushinga, gushyiraho icyubahiro cyumushinga no gutesha agaciro igitekerezo, gushiraho mubyukuri ibitekerezo rusange bigenga ikigo nkuko amategeko abiteganya.