Ukusukela oko kwaqhambuka i-COVID-19, lo mbuzo ubonakala ulula ubangele ukungaboni ngasonye phakathi kweengcali kunye nelizwe: Ngaba amalungu oluntu angaguliyo kufuneka asebenzise imaski ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwesi sifo?
Kangangeenyanga, i-CDC inyanzelise ukuba ekuphela kwabantu abafuna ukunxiba imaski ngabo bagulayo okanye banyangwa ngemaski. Lo mbono uvela kumbono wokuba iimaski ezisisiseko zonyango azenzi nto ingako ukukhusela umntu ozinxibileyo, kodwa ikakhulu ukuthintela abaguli ekubeni batshize amathontsi abosulelayo kwiimpumlo nasemilonyeni yabo. Ukongeza, kukho imfuneko yokubeka phambili ulwabiwo lwezibonelelo ezinyiniweyo kubasebenzi bezonyango abaphambili. UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi wavuma.
Kodwa amanye amazwe amkele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchule, ecebisa ukuba iimaski kufuneka zisetyenziswe naxa abantu bengekho ekhaya kwezinye iimeko. Izazinzulu ezininzi sele ziqalisile ukucebisa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wemaski obanzi unokuba licebo elilungileyo.
Ke, emva kweentsuku zoqikelelo, uMongameli uDonald Trump wabhengeza nge-3 ka-Epreli ukuba i-CDC icebisa ukuba abantu basebenzise imaski yobuso belaphu kwiindawo ezixineneyo, nokuba ugxininise ukuba umlinganiselo ungowokuzithandela kwaye wathi akazukulandela.
Uthe: "Ke, ukunxiba imaski kuya kuba ngokuzithandela." "Ungayenza. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba wenze oku. Ndikhetha ukungakwenzi.”
I-arhente icaphule idatha entsha yokuba "inxalenye enkulu" yabantu abosulelwe yi-coronavirus entsha banokusasaza intsholongwane kwabanye nokuba abanazo iimpawu. I-arhente ihlaziye isindululo kwaye yathi, “Nanini na umntu kufuneka ehambile, wonke umntu kufuneka anxibe imaski yobuso belaphu. Ngena kwiindawo zoluntu.”
Iwebhusayithi yeCDC ehlaziyiweyo ithi: “Ukugquma ubuso ngelaphu asikokukhusela umntu olinxibileyo, kodwa kukuthintela intsholongwane ukuba isasazeke isuka kumntu olinxibileyo iye kwabanye.” "Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba umntu wosulelekile kodwa akanazimpawu."
Nangona eUnited States, utyekelo luye lwaba ngundaba-mlonyeni, ezinye iingcali ziwuthandabuza lo mgaqo-nkqubo. Kukho uphando oluncinci kakhulu kwiimaski zelaphu, kwaye abukho ubungqina obuninzi kwihlabathi lokwenyani lokucebisa iimaski zonyango eluntwini. Ukuba abantu abasinxibi kakuhle isigqubuthelo, okanye ukuba basenza impazamo ngemvakalelo yokhuseleko olungeyonyani, ezi zikhokelo zisenokwandisa ukunqongophala kweemaski zonyango okanye umlilo ongemva.
Kwangelo xesha, ezinye izazinzulu zachaza ukuba uphononongo lwaselabhoratri lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweemaski okuxhaphakileyo, kunye neemodeli “zokwenza ngokwakho” kusenokuba luncedo. Kwaye ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweemaski kunokuthintela abantu ekuchukumiseni ubuso babo kwaye kuncede ekudluliseleni ubunzulu bobhubhane.
Siza kuphonononga olunye lophando kunye nokucinga emva kweemaski kwaye sichaze ukuba kutheni izimvo zahlukile. Kodwa okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba nangona impikiswano, kwimiba ebaluleke kakhulu, iingcali ezininzi ziyavuma:
Ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo, iimaski zinokunciphisa ukusasazeka kwezifo zabantu abosulelekileyo koko kubizwa ngokuba kulawulo lomthombo, kunye/okanye zinokukhusela abo bazinxibileyo kusulelo.
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-COVID-19, ukusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane ikakhulu ngamathontsi okuphefumla. Xa umntu osulelekileyo ekhohlela okanye ethimla, amathontsi okuphefumla awela emlonyeni okanye empumlweni yabanye. Amathontsi anokuthi angcolise umphezulu ophathwa ngabanye abantu phambi kokubamba ubuso babo.
Apha, iimaski ezisisiseko zotyando-iimaski ezilahlayo-zinokuba luncedo, kuba ukuba umntu ogulayo unxiba imaski, amathontsi ayo asulelayo anokubanjiswa kwimaski. Oogqirha kunye nabongikazi abanxibe iimaski ezinjalo banokukhuselwa ngenxa yokuba banokukhohlela okanye ukuthimla.
Kodwa abaphandi bakwakrokrela ukuba i-coronavirus entsha i-SARS-CoV-2 inokuhlala emoyeni njengamathontsi amancinci abizwa ngokuba zii-aerosols kwaye inokuphefumlelwa ngabantu abakufutshane. Uphononongo olupapashwe kwiNew England Journal of Medicine ngoMatshi 17 lwathi usulelo lwe-aerosol "lusengqiqweni." Kuvavanyo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba le ntsholongwane “ihlala iphila” kwii-aerosols ezenziwe ngomatshini ukuya kutsho kwiiyure ezintathu. Nangona isiqingatha sazo singosuleli emva kweyure. Akukacaci ukuba le ntsholongwane idlala kangakanani na ekusasazeni intsholongwane, kwaye oku kusasazeka akunakwenzeka ukuba isasaze intsholongwane kumgama omde, kodwa izazinzulu ziya zikholelwa ukuba le ntsholongwane iya kwenzeka kwinqanaba elithile.
UMargaret Sietsema, unjingalwazi wezempilo emsebenzini kwiDyunivesithi yase-Illinois eChicago, uthe: “Ndikholelwa ukuba zonke iindlela zosulelo zinokudlala indima apha, okuthetha ukuba esi sifo sinokuphefumlelwa, ke eyona ndlela yokuzikhusela sisiphefumlo.”
I-respirator ibandakanya i-respirator ye-N95 ekhankanyiwe rhoqo, i-respirator-tight-fitting respirator elahlayo enokuthi ifake itywina ebusweni kwaye iquka isihluzo esikhethekileyo esinokubamba ubuncinane i-95% yamasuntswana emoyeni adlula kuwo. (Ukunqanda ukubhideka, asizukubiza nasiphi na isixhobo sokuphefumla sisigqubuthelo semaski ukusukela ngoku ukuya phambili.)
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-N95, iimaski zotyando azenzelwanga ukunika ukhuseleko kwii-aerosols. Njengoko ibhlog ye-CDC ichaza, iimaski zotyando "zenzelwe ukubonelela ngokhuseleko lomqobo kumathontsi, kodwa azilawuli ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhluzwa kwazo, kwaye azinakwenza itywina elaneleyo kubuso bomntu ofuna ukuphefumla ukhuseleko."
USietsema usanda kuphonononga ubungqina bemaski obuvela kwiZiko leYunivesithi yaseMinnesota kuPhando lweSifo esosulelayo kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo. Ucebise ukuba ii-N95 respirators zisetyenziselwe abasebenzi bezempilo abanxibelelana nezigulana ze-COVID-19, kodwa ukholelwa ukuba akukho bungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa umgaqo-nkqubo wemaski obanzi ukubandakanya abantu abasempilweni.
Uye wathi iimaski zingakwazi ukunciphisa usulelo ngokubamba amathontsi amakhulu kubantu abosulelekileyo, kodwa oku kusebenza kuphela kubantu abaneempawu, kwaye ukholelwa ukuba nabani na oneempawu akufuneki abe kwindawo yoluntu.
Uthe kwi-imeyile: "Andicingi ukuba iimaski ziyakunciphisa usulelo ngaphambi kokuba kuvele iimpawu, kuba umoya awusokuze ukhethe indlela yokuchasana kakhulu (ngemaski), uya kudlula iimaski kuphela,"
Ukwanexhala lokuba iingcebiso zeemaski ziya kubangela ukuba abantu baphumle umgama wabo eluntwini kwaye banokuwenza nzima umsebenzi wokugcina iimaski zotyando kubasebenzi bezonyango abangaphambili.
Noko ke, ezinye izazinzulu azivumelani noko. Bathi nangona iimaski zingayi kusebenza ngokupheleleyo, zinokuba ngcono kunokuba zingabi nto.
UBenjamin Cowling, ugqirha wezifo zezifo kwiYunivesithi yaseHong Kong, akacingi ukuba iimaski zotyando azinamsebenzi kuluntu ngokubanzi.
Uthe kwi-imeyile: “Ewe, ndiyakholelwa ukuba ziya kuba ngcono xa zisetyenziswa ngabasebenzi bezonyango, ngakumbi xa zidityaniswe nezinye izixhobo zokukhusela kunye nokuziphatha, kodwa zibalulekile xa zinxitywe emzimbeni. Olu luphuculo olukhulu. Isetyenziswa ngabasebenzi bezonyango, kodwa ayinamsebenzi xa inxitywe ngabanye.
Kuphononongo olusandul’ ukupapashwa, uColin wabhalisa isifundo kwi-Natural Medicine. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba iimaski zotyando zinciphisa inani leentsholongwane zokuphefumla ezigxothwayo xa abantu bephefumla kwaye bekhohlela koomatshini abakhethekileyo.
Ngaphambili, olunye uphononongo olwaluqhutywa nguColin kunye nabanye besebenzisa iseti efanayo yafumanisa ukuba iimaski zotyando zinciphise isixa somkhuhlane we-RNA abaphandi banokuwubona kumathontsi amancinane namakhulu okuphefumla. Kumathontsi amakhulu, umphumo unamandla ngakumbi, kodwa izifundo zibonise ukuba iimaski zinokunciphisa i-aerosols ukuya kumlinganiselo othile.
Ezi ntlobo zophononongo zibonise ukuba, ngokwethiyori, iimaski zinokunciphisa ukusasazeka kweentsholongwane zokuphefumla, kodwa kusekho indlela ende ekufuneka ihanjwe ngaphambi kokuba iimaski zibe ngumlinganiselo osebenzayo wezempilo kuluntu ngokubanzi.
Ngapha koko, ekusetyenzisweni kokwenyani, ukuba abantu abafuni ukwahlukana noluntu kwaye bagqibe kwelokuba bachukumise ubuso babo ngakumbi, okanye ukuba bahlala bechukumisa umphandle wemaski, imaski inokuba yosuleleko kwaye imaski inokuba yingozi.
Kwanabo baxhasa ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweemaski zoluntu bayakuvuma ukungabikho kobungqina obuthe ngqo ngolo hlobo. Kwinqaku lokuphononongwa kweyeza lokuphefumla elithi "Lancet", elikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweemaski "okunengqiqo" ngakumbi ukulwa ne-COVID-19, umbhali uchaza ubungqina obukhoyo ngokuthi "bunqabile."
Nangona ezinye izifundo zivavanye iimaski ezahlukeneyo ezibhedlele okanye kwezinye iindawo zokhathalelo lwempilo, bambalwa abantu abaye bavavanya ukuba iimaski ziyasebenza na eluntwini-enyanisweni kukho ukungangqinelani kwiimaski okanye akukho ziphumo zibalulekileyo zijongiwe.
Umzekelo, uCowling wasixelela ukuba obona bungqina bubalaseleyo buvela kulingo olulawulwa ngokungenamkhethe kwaye wasikhokela ukuba senze uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lwezilingo ezili-10 ezivavanye iimaski. Olu vavanyo lwavavanya ukuba iimaski zikuthintela njani na ukusasazeka komkhuhlane kwiindawo ezinje ngamakhaya okanye iindawo zokulala. isakhono. Nangona izilingo ezininzi zizama ukuba abantu banxibe imaski, nto leyo ecebisa ukuba ukuthotyelwa okuphezulu kunokuba nefuthe, uphononongo lufumanise ukuba "ukusetyenziswa kweemaski akukunciphisi kakhulu ukusasazeka komkhuhlane." Ulingo oluninzi lukwancinci kakhulu ukwenza izigqibo. Naziphi na izigqibo ezilungileyo.
U-Elaine Shuo Feng, isazi sezibalo kunye ne-epidemiologist kwiYunivesithi yase-Oxford kunye nombhali okhokelayo weLancet Respiratory Medicine Review, wathi: "Ngokusekelwe kwisishwankathelo sezilingo ezilawulwa ngokungahleliwe, kunokubakho ezinye kodwa zingekho iimpembelelo ezinkulu. .” Udliwano-ndlebe.
Usakholelwa ukuba kububulumko ukuba amazwe aqale ukuthathela ingqalelo ukusetyenziswa kweemaski. UFeng uthe: "Ukunqongophala kobungqina obaneleyo akuthethi ukuba ungenelelo ngokwalo alusebenzi." "Kule meko, ndicinga ukuba eyona ndlela ilungileyo kukuxhomekeka kuwo onke amangenelo akhoyo angengawo amayeza."
Ngo-2015, abaphandi bapapasha ulingo lokuqala olulawulwa ngokungenamkhethe lweemaski zelaphu, kwaye bafumanisa ukuba xa abasebenzi bezonyango eVietnam benxiba imaski endaweni yeemaski zotyando ezilahlwayo, banethuba eliphindwe kali-13 lokuphuhlisa izifo ezinjengomkhuhlane.
Izinga losulelo lwendlela yokuphefumla yeqela lemaski yobuso belaphu laliphezulu kunelo leqela lolawulo. Iqela lolawulo ngamanye amaxesha linxiba iimaski zotyando ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yesibhedlele. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba akukho mntu unganxibanga imaski konke konke, abaphandi abakwazanga ukufumanisa ukuba iimaski zelaphu zisenokubonelela ngokhuseleko kumntu ozinxibileyo.
Umbhali ubhale wathi: "Kwafunyaniswa ukuba izinga losulelo kwiingalo zemaski zelaphu liphezulu kakhulu, elinokuthi lichazwe yimpembelelo yeemaski zelaphu, iimaski zonyango okanye indibaniselwano yezi zimbini."
Olunye uphononongo luphonononge ukuba amalaphu athile okanye uyilo lukuthintela njani ukusasazeka kwamathontsi namasuntswana elabhoratri. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko umbhali wovavanyo lwaseVietnam wachaza kwinqaku, unxibelelwano lwephepha kunye ne-COVID-19 lubonisa ukuba akukho nanye kwezi maski eye yavavanywa kulingo lwezonyango.
Uphononongo luka-2013 luvavanye izixhobo zemaski zasekhaya kwaye lwafumanisa ukuba ii-T-shirts zomqhaphu zinokuba namandla athile okucoca ukuhluza iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane, kodwa ukusebenza kweemaski kuphantsi kakhulu kwiimaski zotyando. Iqela ligqibe kwelokuba iimaski ezizenzele zona zingcono kunokungabikho zimaski, kodwa "kufuneka zithathwe njengendawo yokugqibela."
Kuvavanyo olungqongqo ngakumbi ngo-2010, abaphandi abavela kwiZiko leSizwe loKhuseleko lwezeMisebenzi kunye neMpilo e-United States babhobhoza ii-T-shirts, iitawuli, ii-sweatshirts kunye nezikhafu ezine-nanoparticles ukuvavanya amandla okucoca amalaphu e-DIY imaski. Nangona ukusebenza kwesi sixhobo kuncitshisiwe xa kuthelekiswa neemaski zegesi ye-N95, umbhali ubonisa ukuba babonelela kuphela "ngokhuseleko lokuphefumla oluncinci", kodwa uninzi lwamalaphu lubamba ubuncinci amasuntswana.
U-Linsey Marr, unjingalwazi wezobunjineli eVirginia Tech, ofunda ngokusasazeka kweentsholongwane, ulumkisa abantu ukuba bangathembeli kwiimaski ezenziwe ekhaya ukuthintela iintsholongwane ukuba zingaphefumli emoyeni, kodwa kwabo balandela uyilo lwabo, unezakhono ezithile ezisebenzayo.
Usixelele nge-imeyile: "Izixhobo kufuneka zibe ngqindilili kwaye zilukwe ngokuxineneyo, ezinje ngeetawuli zasekhitshini okanye iiT-shirts ezinobunzima, kwaye imaski kufuneka isondele empumlweni nasemlonyeni ngaphandle kwezithuba."
Njengoko iZiko leSizwe leSayensi lachaza kwingxelo ka-2006, iimaski ze-impromptu zinokusetyenziswa ngexesha lobhubhane. Ubume belaphu obungqongqo bunokuthi buhluze ngcono, kodwa kukho urhwebo. Ingxelo yathi: "Ukuqina kwesakhiwo kuyenyuka kwaye ukuxhathisa ukuphefumla kuyenyuka, okuchaphazela intuthuzelo yomsebenzisi xa usebenzisa isixhobo." Wachaza, "Oku kunokuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa."
Kwabo bakhetha ukunxiba iimaski, uFeng ucebisa ukuba bafunde indlela echanekileyo yokunciphisa usulelo ngengozi olubangelwa sisimaski ngokwayo. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwividiyo ye-WHO, isitshixo asikuchukumisi ngaphandle kwemaski-ukuba uyayenza, hlamba izandla zakho.
Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ungacingi ukuba iimaski zinokukukhusela okanye zikuthintele ekungeneni ekuhlaleni okanye uhlambe izandla zakho. Njengoko uFeng watshoyo, oku "ngcono ukuhlala ekhaya".
Impendulo: Abukho ubungqina bokuba isitofu sokugonya esivunyiweyo siza kubangela ukwehla kokuchuma. Nangona ulingo lwezonyango lungakhange luwufunde lo mba, amashumi amawaka abathathi-nxaxheba bolingo abakayixeleli ilahleko yokuchuma, kwaye abakaqinisekisi iziphumo ezibi kwizigidi zabagonyeli.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-19-2021
