Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 ososayensi nonjiniyela bebambe iqhaza elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwemishini yokuphefumula ezimele.
Uchungechunge olubili lwemishini yokuphefumula ezimele isetshenziswa kabanzi ekulweni nomlilo, ukujikeleza okuvulekile kanye nokuphefumula kabusha. Kuhlelo oluvulekile, umoya ngamunye okhishiwe ukhishelwa emkhathini. Idivayisi yokuphefumula kabusha noma eyisekhethi evaliwe ibuyisa umoya womsebenzisi, isuse isikhutha futhi inyuse umoya-mpilo. Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwawo, ama-rebreathers anesisindo esincane, amancane ngosayizi futhi ahlala isikhathi eside.
Isistimu yokuphefumula eyindilinga evulekile iqukethe idivayisi yokuhambisa umoya, ivalve yokunciphisa ukucindezela/isidingo, ivalve yokukhipha umoya kanye nemaski. Ukunikezwa komoya ohlelweni lwesekethe evulekile kuvame ukucindezelwa umoya. Umthamo womoya wokuphefumula ngakunye unikezwa ngesinciphisi/i-valve yesidingo, futhi ukhishelwe endaweni ezungezile ngemva kokuhogela.
Zonke izinto zokuphefumula zihlanganisa isikhwama sokuphefumula njengendawo yokugcina umoya womsebenzisi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-rebreather isusa i-carbon dioxide ekhiqizwa umsebenzisi futhi igcwalise umoya-mpilo awudlayo, igesi ephefumulayo icishe ibe ngu-100%.
Ihlinzeka ngemiklamo emithathu yemishini yokushintshwa komoyampilo kanye nokususwa kwe-carbon dioxide: umoya-mpilo wamakhemikhali, i-cryogenic nomoya-mpilo ocindezelwe.
Idivayisi yohlobo lwekhemikhali yomoya-mpilo isebenzisa umthombo womoya-mpilo okhiqizwa ngamakhemikhali. Amanzi akhishwa umsebenzisi avula isihlungi se-superoxide, akhiphe umoya-mpilo futhi enze usawoti we-alkaline. Lo moya-mpilo ufinyelela kumsebenzisi ngesikhwama sokuphefumula kabusha. I-alkali ekhiqizwa yilokhu kusabela kwamakhemikhali ikhipha isikhutha esilandelayo esikhishwa umoya futhi yengeze umoya-mpilo owengeziwe. Njengoba lokhu kusabela kungakwazi ukulawulwa ngokunembile, idivayisi iklanyelwe ukukhiqiza umoya-mpilo omningi kunalokho odingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe umzimba. Lo moya-mpilo owedlulele ukhishelwa emoyeni ozungezile ngevalvu yokukhipha.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yalo mklamo wemishini elula yizindleko eziphansi zokuqala. Nokho, kukhona ukungalungi. Ukuqala ukusabela kwamakhemikhali emazingeni okushisa aphansi kunzima futhi ngezinye izikhathi akunakwenzeka. Izindleko zeyunithi zamakhatriji amakhemikhali ziphezulu. Okwenza le nkinga ibe nzima nakakhulu ukuthi uma ikhemikhali iqala ukusebenza, ayikwazi ukuphazanyiswa. Kungakhathalekile isidingo, yonke inkokhiso yamakhemikhali kufanele isetshenziswe noma ilahlwe.
Ezinhlelweni ezivaliwe ezisezingeni eliphansi lokushisa, kusetshenziswa umoya-mpilo owuketshezi. Kulesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, i-carbon dioxide ekhishwayo isuswa ngokuqandisa, futhi i-radiator ephansi yokushisa inikezwa umoya-mpilo we-liquid, okunye okungena esikhwameni sokuphefumula. Lolu hlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi olubizayo alukaze luzuze impumelelo yezohwebo. Kodwa-ke, isitoreji segesi se-cryogenic sisetshenziswe kabanzi ezinhlelweni ezivulekile.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lwesistimu yesekethe evaliwe wumklamo womoya-mpilo ocindezelweyo. Kulolu hlobo lokuphefumula kabusha, i-oksijeni egcinwe ku-cylinder idlula ekunciphiseni ukucindezela esikhwameni sokuphefumula, lapho inani elidingekayo le-oxygen lidonswa khona.
Igesi ekhishwe umoya idlula ku-absorber carbon dioxide. Lapha, i-carbon dioxide ekuphefumuleni komsebenzisi iyasuswa, futhi umoya-mpilo ongasetshenzisiwe ugelezela esikhwameni sokuphefumula. Kwengezwa umoya-mpilo omusha, futhi igesi yokuphefumula ebuyekeziwe ilethwa kumsebenzisi futhi iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza. Ukuba lula, ukuqina, kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokuphinda zisetshenziswe izinto ezinjalo kuye kwenza iziphefumulo zokwenza umoya-mpilo ezicindezelwe zaduma iminyaka eminingi.
Ngo-1853, uProfesa Schwann waklama umshini wokuphefumula umoya-mpilo ocindezelwe emqhudelwaneni owawuqhutshwa iBelgian Academy of Sciences. U-Schwann ubonakala engowokuqala ukubona amandla okuphefumula asetshenziswa ezimayini naseminyangweni yomlilo. Ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, uBernhard Draeger waseLübeck, eJalimane waklama futhi wenza umshini wokuphefumula kabusha. Ngo-1907, i-Boston and Montana Smelting and Refining Company yathenga ama-Draeger rebreathers amahlanu, okwakungamathuluzi okuqala asetshenziswa ezweni. Ama-Rebreathers asetshenziswe kabanzi emisebenzini yomlilo iminyaka engaphezu kwe-25.
Eminyakeni engu-70 edlule, kuningi okuthuthukisiwe okwenziwe ekuphefumuleni kabusha. Ngemithetho eqinile nezilawuli ze-NIOSH ne-MESA, amadivayisi anamuhla athembeke kakhulu kunangaphambili.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-03-2021
