Ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-100, izazinzulu neenjineli bezibandakanyeke ngokukhutheleyo kuyilo lwezixhobo zokuphefumla ezizimela ngokwazo.
Iichungechunge ezimbini zezixhobo zokuphefumla ezizimeleyo zisetyenziselwa ukulwa nomlilo, isiphaluka esivulekileyo kunye ne-rebreathers. Kwinkqubo evulekileyo, impefumlo nganye ephumileyo ikhutshelwa emoyeni. Isixhobo sokuphefumla okanye esivaliweyo sibuyisa umoya womsebenzisi, sisuse ikharbon diokside kwaye sandise ioksijini. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwabo kakuhle, i-rebreathers ilula ngobunzima, incinci ngobukhulu kwaye ihlala ixesha elide.
Inkqubo yokuphefumula yesekethe evulekileyo inesixhobo sokubonelela ngomoya, i-valve yokunciphisa uxinzelelo / i-valve yemfuno, ivalve yokukhupha umoya kunye nemaski. Ukunikezelwa komoya kwinkqubo yesekethe evulekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo umoya ocinezelweyo. Umthamo womoya ngomphefumlo ngamnye unikezelwa ngesinciphisi soxinzelelo/ivalve yemfuno, kwaye ukhutshelwe kwiatmosfera engqonge emva kokuphefumlelwa.
Zonke ii-rebreathers ziquka ingxowa yokuphefumla njengendawo yokugcina umoya womsebenzisi. Ngenxa yokuba i-rebreather isusa i-carbon dioxide eveliswa ngumsebenzisi kwaye iphinda izalise i-oksijini ayisebenzisayo, igesi ephefumlayo iphantse ibe yi-100% ye-oxygen.
Ibonelela ngoyilo lwezixhobo ezithathu zokutshintshwa kweoksijini kunye nokususwa kwekharbon diokside: ioksijini yeekhemikhali, i-cryogenic kunye neoksijini ecinezelweyo.
Isixhobo sohlobo lwekhemikhali sisebenzisa umthombo weoksijini owenziwe ngemichiza. Amanzi akhutshwa ngumsebenzisi avula i-superoxide filter, ikhuphe ioksijini kwaye yenze iityuwa zealkaline. Le oksijini ifikelela kumsebenzisi ngengxowa yokuvuselela umoya. Ialkali eveliswa yile khemikhali isusa icarbon dioxide ephumayo elandelayo ize yongeze ioksijini engakumbi. Ekubeni le ndlela isabela ngayo ingenakulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo, isixhobo senzelwe ukuvelisa ioksijini eninzi kunokuba ifuneka kwimetabolism. Le oksijini igqithileyo ikhutshelwa kumoya we-ambient ngevalve yokukhupha.
Inzuzo ephambili yolu yilo lwezixhobo ezilula yindleko yokuqala ephantsi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye izinto ezingeloncedo. Ukuqala ukusabela kweekhemikhali kumaqondo aphantsi kunzima kwaye ngamanye amaxesha akunakwenzeka. Ixabiso leyunithi yeekhatriji zeekhemikhali liphezulu. Yintoni eyenza le ngxaki ibe nzima ngakumbi kukuba xa i-chemical reaction iqala, ayinakuphazanyiswa. Nokuba ithini na imfuneko, yonke intlawulo yeekhemikhali kufuneka isetyenziswe okanye ilahlwe.
Kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo zobushushu obuphantsi, ioksijini engamanzi isetyenziswa. Kule nkqubo enzima kakhulu, i-carbon dioxide ephumayo isuswe ngokukhenkceza, kwaye i-radiator ephantsi kweqondo lokushisa inikezelwa yi-oksijeni yamanzi, enye ingena kwisikhwama sokuphefumula. Le nkqubo intsonkothe kakhulu kwaye inexabiso eliphezulu ayizange ifumane impumelelo yorhwebo. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcinwa kwegesi ye-cryogenic isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo ezivulekileyo.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lwenkqubo yesekethe evaliweyo luyilo lwe-oksijini ecinezelweyo. Kulo hlobo lokuphefumula, i-oksijini egcinwe kwi-cylinder idlula kwi-reducers yoxinzelelo kwisikhwama sokuphefumula, apho inani elifunekayo le-oksijini lifakwe kuyo.
Irhasi ephumayo idlula kwi-absorption ye-carbon dioxide. Apha, ikharbon diokside ekuphefumlweni kwalowo uyisebenzisayo iyasuswa, ize ioksijini engasetyenziswanga iqukuqelele kwingxowa yokuphefumla. Ioksijini entsha yongezwa, kwaye igesi ehlaziyiweyo yokuphefumla ihanjiswa kumsebenzisi kwaye iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza. Ukulula, ukomelela, kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokuphinda zisetyenziswe ezi zixhobo ziye zenza izixhobo zokuphefumla ezicinezelekileyo zaduma kangangeminyaka emininzi.
Ngomnyaka we-1853, uNjingalwazi Schwann wayila i-oxygen respirator ecinezelekileyo kukhuphiswano olwalubanjwe yiBelgian Academy of Sciences. U-Schwann ubonakala engowokuqala ukuqonda amandla okuvuselela asetyenziswa kwimigodi kunye namasebe omlilo. Ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane, uBernhard Draeger waseLübeck, eJamani wayila waza wenza umatshini wokuphefumla. Ngomnyaka we-1907, i-Boston kunye ne-Montana Smelting and Refining Company yathenga i-Draeger rebreathers ezintlanu, ezazizixhobo zokuqala ezisetyenziswa kweli lizwe. I-Rebreathers isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkonzo zomlilo ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-25.
Kwiminyaka engama-70 edlulileyo, kuye kwenziwa uphuculo oluninzi kwi-rebreeathers. Ngemigaqo engqongqo kunye nolawulo lwe-NIOSH kunye ne-MESA, izixhobo zanamhlanje zithembeke ngakumbi kunangaphambili.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-03-2021
