Mfundo yogwira ntchito ya mitundu 3 ya zopumira zotsekedwa

Kwa zaka zoposa 100, asayansi ndi mainjiniya akhala akugwira nawo ntchito yopanga zida zodzitetezera zokha.
Mitundu iwiri ya zida zodziyimira zokha zopumira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pozimitsa moto, mayendedwe otseguka ndi ma rebreathers. Mu dongosolo lotseguka, mpweya uliwonse wotuluka umatulutsidwa mumlengalenga. Chida chopumira kapena chotseka chimatulutsa mpweya wa wogwiritsa ntchito, chimachotsa mpweya woipa ndikuwonjezera mpweya. Chifukwa cha luso lawo, rebreathers ndi opepuka kulemera, yaying'ono mu kukula ndi yaitali.
Njira yopumira yotseguka imakhala ndi chipangizo chothandizira mpweya, valavu yochepetsera / yofunidwa, valavu yotulutsa mpweya ndi chigoba. Mpweya wotuluka m'magawo otseguka nthawi zambiri umakhala woponderezedwa. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya pa mpweya uliwonse kumaperekedwa kudzera muzitsulo zochepetsera / zofunidwa, ndikutulutsidwa mumlengalenga wozungulira pambuyo pokokedwa.
Ma rebrether onse amaphatikiza thumba lopumira ngati mosungiramo mpweya wa wogwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa rebreather imachotsa mpweya woipa wopangidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito ndikubwezeretsanso mpweya womwe amadya, mpweya wopuma umakhala pafupifupi 100%.
Amapereka zida zitatu zopangira m'malo mwa oxygen ndi kuchotsa mpweya woipa: oxygen oxygen, cryogenic and compressed oxygen.
Chipangizo chamtundu wa oxygen chimagwiritsa ntchito gwero la okosijeni wopangidwa ndi mankhwala. Madzi otulutsidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito amatsegula fyuluta ya superoxide, kutulutsa mpweya ndikupanga mchere wamchere. Oxygen iyi imafika kwa wogwiritsa ntchito kudzera mu thumba la rebreather. Mchere wopangidwa ndi mankhwalawa amachotsa mpweya wotuluka wotsatira ndikuwonjezera mpweya wochulukirapo. Popeza kachitidwe kameneka sikangathe kuyendetsedwa molondola, chipangizocho chinapangidwa kuti chizitulutsa mpweya wochuluka kuposa umene umafunika kuti kagayidwe kake kagayidwe. Oxygen yowonjezerekayi imatulutsidwa mumlengalenga wozungulira kudzera mu valve yotulutsa.
Ubwino waukulu wa mapangidwe osavuta awa ndi mtengo wotsika woyambira. Komabe, pali zovuta zina. Kuyambitsa mankhwala pa kutentha kochepa kumakhala kovuta ndipo nthawi zina sizingatheke. Mtengo wa mayunitsi a makatiriji amankhwala ndi okwera. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti vutoli likhale lovuta kwambiri ndi lakuti pamene mankhwala ayamba, sangathe kusokonezedwa. Mosasamala kanthu kofunikira, mtengo wonse wamankhwala uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kutayidwa.
M'makina otsekedwa otsika kutentha, mpweya wamadzimadzi umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu dongosolo lovuta kwambirili, mpweya wotuluka wa carbon dioxide umachotsedwa ndi kuzizira, ndipo radiator yotsika kutentha imaperekedwa ndi mpweya wamadzimadzi, womwe umalowa m'thumba la kupuma. Dongosolo lovuta komanso lokwera mtengo kwambirili silinapindulepo bwino pazamalonda. Komabe, kusungirako gasi wa cryogenic kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina otseguka.
Mtundu wachitatu wa dongosolo lotsekeka lozungulira ndi kapangidwe ka oxygen. Mu mtundu uwu wa rebreather, mpweya wosungidwa mu silinda umadutsa muzitsulo zochepetsera mpweya mu thumba la kupuma, momwe mpweya wofunikira umatulutsidwa.
Mpweya wotulutsa mpweya umadutsa mu carbon dioxide absorber. Pano, mpweya wa carbon dioxide mu mpweya wa wogwiritsa ntchito umachotsedwa, ndipo mpweya wosagwiritsidwa ntchito umalowa m'thumba la kupuma. Mpweya watsopano umawonjezeredwa, ndipo mpweya wopumira wosinthidwa umaperekedwa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito ndipo ukupitirizabe kuzungulira. Kuphweka, kulimba, ndi kutsika mtengo kwa kugwiritsanso ntchito zipangizo zoterezi zapangitsa kuti makina opumira okosijeni adziŵike kwa zaka zambiri.
Mu 1853, Pulofesa Schwann anakonza makina opumira mpweya wa okosijeni wa mpikisano womwe unachitikira ku Belgian Academy of Sciences. Schwann akuwoneka kuti ndi woyamba kuzindikira kuthekera kwa rebreathers zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'migodi ndi m'madipatimenti ozimitsa moto. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 100, Bernhard Draeger wa ku Lübeck, ku Germany anakonza ndi kupanga makina otsitsimulanso. Mu 1907, Boston ndi Montana Smelting and Refining Company inagula makina asanu a Draeger rebreathers, omwe anali zipangizo zoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'dzikoli. Rebreathers akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ntchito zamoto kwa zaka zoposa 25.
M'zaka 70 zapitazi, zinthu zambiri zasintha pa rebreathers. Kupyolera mu malamulo okhwima ndi maulamuliro a NIOSH ndi MESA, zipangizo zamakono ndizodalirika kuposa kale lonse.