Ulwazi lwe-TZB/Isifunda Samanzi, i-Canalizas/Izura Cechluk/Ukucindezeleka okushisayo nomsindo wokusebenza kwamanethiwekhi amapayipi
Izinkinga nezisombululo. Ngokombono womklami, lokhu kuyinkinga elula kakhulu futhi echazwe kahle, kodwa - njengoba kuboniswe esihlokweni - izidingo eziyisisekelo zesiphakamiso azihlangabezwanga.
Ukucindezeleka okushisayo kwamanethiwekhi amapayipi kuhlobene nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuziphatha kwe-dipotation kwepayipi ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa lempahla yamapayipi. Ngokombono womzimba, kuyacaca ukuthi ukuguqulwa akwenzeki kuphela ku-axis yepayipi, okungukuthi ubude, kodwa futhi ngevolumu. Buka imuvi, buka imuvi, buka imuvi futhi. Ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe ngokuthi: Lo mkhuba kufanele uxazululwe, uma kuphela ngokombono wokunwebeka kwezinto futhi okokugcina, ithuba lokudlulisa ukudlidliza.
I-Pipeline Thermal Stress, eNew Jersey. O, i-nzcooling (i-nzcooling), kukhona ukungezwani epayipini elidluliselwa ngokulungiswa kwepayipi njengamandla axial. Ekusebenzeni, ikakhulukazi ucabangela ukushintsha ubude bepayipi, okungukuthi, ukunwetshwa noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuncipha. Qala ku-:
Izinto eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi amapayipi, njengamaphrojekthi okushisa noma ukufakwa kwe-sanitary (amanzi, indle, igesi), insimbi, mm. Ngakho-ke ipulasitiki inobude obuphindwe kashumi kanye nokunwebeka kwezinsimbi.
Izinguquko ze-longitudinal ngenxa yokwanda okushisayo zingavinjelwa kalula, noma yilokho okubizwa Umfula iNapuri. ngokugoba umzila (Fig. 1a), noma ukugoba izinxephezelo (Fig. 1b no-1c) [1, 2, 3]. Usekelo olushelelayo lwepayipi ngokuvamile lubonakala ngezinsimbi ezinezinsimbi ezishelelayo futhi kufanele zibekwe kanjalo, lesi isidumbu sokungadali ukuqina okufunayo. Ungathola umzimba wakho ngokomzimba. Ngezigaba ezinde, kunconywa ukuthi ubeke iphuzu elimisiwe phakathi nendawo ukuze uhlukanise isandiso sibe izingxenye ezimbili.
Okunamathiselwe okugxilile yilokho okungakuvumeli ukunwetshwa, okungukuthi esikhundleni sokusekela kuvimbela ukunyakaza kwepayipi ku-axis yayo. Iphuzu elimisiwe lingasetshenziswa endaweni yokuhamba kwepayipi, ukufakwa kokufakwa kwamamitha asebenzayo, noma endaweni yegatsha. Ukubekwa kokushelela kwepayipi kuyindlela yokubopha, lapho ipayipi livinjelwa ukuthi lihambe lidlule i-eksisi yomzila, kodwa ukunyakaza kwepayipi ngokunwebeka kungenzeka ku-axis yepayipi. Ukubekwa okuslayidayo kwepayipi elisebenza ngokukhululekile kungenziwa ngomkhono wamahhala (umkhono wepayipi uqiniswe ngokuqinile ebusweni bepayipi) noma ngesiphanyeko sepayipi esakhiwe ngokukhethekile (Februwari 2).
Ipayipi kufanele ifakwe umlindi lapho ipayipi iphushelwa odongeni lwesitoreji sokushelela. Ibhodwe le-Urumqi (odongeni, phansi noma ophahleni) lingadalwa ngokuhlanganisa ukushuba kodonga, ukufakwa kwe-thermal, kanye nepayipi. ngokujika komzila (Januwari 1st). Amapayipi anethuba lokuhamba ngokukhululeka ngaphakathi kokucindezelwa kwezinto zokufakelwa ezishisayo. Imfuneko eyisisekelo ayikona nje kuphela ukugcinwa kobude obunwetshiwe obukhulu bepayipi, kodwa futhi nobude obuncane balokho okubizwa ngokuthi I-Latin America yamahhala. Igama likaMaxim Max (1) livela ekuzihlukaniseni. Ngokuphambene, ubude obuncane bengalo ekhululekile buncike ohlotsheni oluthile lwepayipi. Izinto zokupakisha zemikhiqizo ye-ceramic ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni nasekucubunguleni imikhiqizo yepulasitiki zizohlangabezana nezimo ezilandelayo. Ishadi lebhodwe lochwepheshe, ishadi lebhodwe eliphrofeshinali, ishadi lebhodwe lochwepheshe, ishadi lebhodwe lochwepheshe. Ngamapayipi ethusi, ungaqhubeka ngokuvumelana negrafu eku-Fig. 3 noma ngokuvumelana nobudlelwane [10]:
Udinga ukufakazela ubuwena lapho ungekho. Indlela yokunamathisela akumele ihloniphe kuphela izidingo zokubeka mahhala (sliding) ipayipi, kodwa futhi inciphise ukudluliswa kokudlidliza kusuka kumbhobho kuya esakhiweni sokwakha. Izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ezifakwe emanzini Izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezifakwe emanzini Izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezifakwe emanzini.
Ukuze ubale ibanga phakathi kwama-hangers (izisekelo) zepayipi elimiswe ngokukhululekile ngaphansi kosilingi, ungasebenzisa ubudlelwano (3), noma usebenzise amatafula abakhiqizi bamapayipi (isb. [10]).
Ngokombono wokuqhathanisa, amatafula amabanga okusekela kwensimbi (ithebula 3) namapayipi ethusi (ithebula 4) namapayipi epulasitiki PP-R, S 2.5 (ithebula 5) anganikezwa. I-DIN 1988-2 [9].
U-Jakob Zobo Sam Bohemia Provini Postvic, Puerto Rico Butovy Bovini v. 2013 Rocevic Plogneni in Šafaříkovy street idabukisayo. Angikuthandi, angimthandi u-Setkallo. Yini engenzeka uma kwenzeka ukungagcinwa kwe-fixed occlusal positioning yamapayipi, ukungabikho kwezinxephezelo zokunwetshwa kwe-longitudinal ngesikhathi sokufakwa, kuboniswa emfanekisweni. Ephreli 5. Lokhu ukuguga kwepayipi lokusabalalisa amanzi ngotshani (PP-R 75 × 12.5), okwathi, lapho liqala ukusebenza, ladabula ikhethini ophahleni (ngo-April 4) futhi ezindaweni eziningana zashintsha ngokuphelele. ukuma kwayo (observation 5).
Kulokhu, wabuye wabonisa umphumela wokucindezeleka okushisayo empilweni yonke yepayipi yepulasitiki. Sicela uchaze izinhlelo ezidingekayo zokulungiswa kwesistimu yendle. Ngokuvumelana nemibhalo yephrojekthi yehhovisi lokuklama, uhlelo lokulungiswa komzila wendle lwalulungile (Juni 6). Izinkampani zamasheya ezihlangene, izinkampani zamasheya ezihlanganyelwe kanye nezinkampani zamasheya ahlangene. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuthunywa, kwaba nengozi kumshini wokushisa.
Yayiyini imbangela yale ngozi? Isishintshi sokushisa sasiklanyelwe ukuxhumana okuqondile ne-CZT ngezinga lokushisa elincane lokuphakela amanzi elingu-130°C. Ngeshwa, inkampani yokufaka yesifunda sesibili somshini wokushisa ixhume ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi epulasitiki asevele efakwe ngqo kumshini wokushisa. Imifino egayiwe, izitshalo zebhodwe [11]. Uma sicabangela ipayipi le-PP-R elisetshenzisiwe 50 × 8.3 mm kanye nokucindezela okusebenzayo kwe-0.64 MPa, khona-ke ukucindezeleka okubaliwe kodonga lwamapayipi kupharamitha ecacisiwe ccaσv= 2.41 MPa. Kusukela ekushiseni okungaphezulu kokusebenza kwepayipi elingu-80°C, isikhathi sokuphila kwepayipi singabalwa njengeminyaka engama-25, ngokusho komkhiqizi wamapayipi. Izinga lokuvikela lika-90°C linezinga lokushisa elingu-5, kanti izinga lokuvikela elingu-110°C linezinga lokuvikela leminyaka engu-0.9. 130°C izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lendwangu yokujuluka! Ukuthambekela, lapho ukuphila kwepayipi kukhuphuka kakhulu ngezinga lokushisa elingaphezulu, kungabhekwa ezingeni lokushisa elingaphezulu kuka-130°C. Umdwebo wokuhluleka kokuxhumeka okudabukisayo uboniswa ku-Fig. 7. Kudingekile ukwengeza (uKate akazange aqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwepompo No. 1), "Pruze" (unikeza i-squeal)
Nakuba umkhiqizi wamapayipi (ⅴimiyalelo yokufakwa kwamapayipi) 1 umklami (ⅴwephrojekthi) bonke bacele ukuthi NGAPHAMBI kokufakwa kwalolu hlobo lwepayipi lepulasitiki elinomshini we-HEAT, insimbi kufanele ivalwe futhi ipayipi lensimbi lifakwe 2
Ukusebenza kwemishini yezobuchwepheshe ezakhiweni kuletha inkinga yokudalwa nokusabalala kwezigameko zomsindo. Imithombo ingaba isib. Izikhali, amapayipi, amaphampu, amafeni, amapayipi endle noma amanzi, amakheshi, njll. Izinga loomakhenikha lisukela kumakhilomitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-20,000 (okungukuthi ububanzi obuzwakalayo). Umsindo ungasakazeka ngamagesi, uketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile ngendlela yamagagasi e-acoustic. Ukucabanga, i-acoustic wave ihamba ngesivinini esingama-340 m/s emoyeni, kodwa ifike ku-1500 m/s emanzini. Ungasebenzisa izinhlamvu zakho kumagagasi omsindo we-longitudinal kuphela, sebenzisa ama-elastomers akhona womabili ama-longitudinal, futhi uthole igama lakho ekuhlanganisweni kuholela ekuzuleni. Zonke izinto zokwakha esihlangabezana nazo zibonisa ukwehla kokuqina kokucwayiza kuye ngebanga elisuka emthonjeni. Endabeni yokusakazwa komsindo ngezinto eziqinile, kubizwa ngokuthi ukudlidliza. Isici esinqumayo kuleli cala yisici sangaphakathi sokudambisa, esichazwa ngokuthi [4, 7]:
Izinto zokwakha, njenge Ngemva kokukhansela imibuzo, lesi sici sincane kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukudlidliza (res. umsindo ongadingeki) kude, isb. Ciri Nibo Djevo. Kuvela ukuthi ungasuka kulokho kubaluleke kakhulu kusukela ekubukeni komsindo ovela ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo. Isihlobo sabantu baseNapus, Czechnavić Kostluksić Nibo Swieku Budovova Malif Serra Ruda Velechin, Napur. izilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo.
Kubandakanya ukuqeda umthombo womsindo noma ukunciphisa umsindo wawo. Endabeni yokufakwa kobuchwepheshe bezempilo, ikakhulukazi ihilela ukwakhiwa okufanele kwezinto ezingazodwana zemishini. Umsindo ungaphinde udalwe wukugeleza kwamanzi, ukuphuma kwamanzi emathangeni ashaywayo, ukuphuma kwamanzi Athandekayo, njll. Izinto ezidambisa lokhu kubonakaliswa kahle ngokuvamile ziyi-ceramics noma i-cast iron. Knapp Juni 7, Czech Republic 75 5455, French National Railway Company (CSN 75 5455), Podvik (Norvévé) Democratic Republic (Juni 6).
Isekelwe endaweni efanele yezikhala ezinomsindo. Idizayini elungile yesimo sendawo ngaphakathi kwebhilidi, i-Knapp. amakamelo obhayela, izindlu zangasese, amakhishi, izindlu zangasese, njll., angonga izinsiza ezibalulekile zezimali ngokuqinisekisa ukunethezeka kwe-acoustic kwamakamelo avikelwe. Qhathanisa nezindlela zokucabangela ngokucophelela ukuthi uzoklama kuphi ukusatshalaliswa kwamapayipi nalapho, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuzama ukugwema imizila yawo.
Kuqukethe ukuhlukanisa imishini enomsindo noma sonke isikhala esinomsindo esinamakhava akhethekile avikela umsindo, ama-partitions, njll. Ubuchwepheshe be-Apod Motor Company. Kufanele kwengezwe ukuthi i-Tata Method kufanele isetshenziswe (le ndlela kufanele isetshenziswe), "Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuhlanganisa noma yiziphi izindlela ezimbili ezedlule" [5, 6].
Inhloso yalesi sihloko kwakuwukukhumbuza izidingo eziyisisekelo zokuklanywa kwamanethiwekhi amapayipi ohlangothini lwengcindezi yokushisa. Kubaluleke kakhulu lapho uhlela umzila wepayipi ukucabangela izinga lokushisa nobude bepayipi elihlongozwayo kuphela, kodwa futhi nokucatshangelwa komsindo. Esigabeni sephrojekthi, kungenzeka ukuvimbela izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo lapho umuntu (lapho oyedwa) ekhononda ngomsindo, i-Pukud de Duruch (Uma omunye umuntu) enziwe, isibonelo, i-Napshtivan Nune noma i-Hot Springs. Futhi, kuyadingeka ukukhumbuza ukuthi noma yimuphi umzamo womklami wokuhlola kabusha izinkinga ezibalwe ngenhla, ezibangelwa isimo somzimba somklamo wamapayipi e-SITI, ngokuvamile uyehluleka i-PRIMO ekwakhiweni kwamapayipi e-SITI.
Ukugxila kwalesi sihloko ekwandiseni inethiwekhi yamapayipi. Ngokombono womklami, lona umbuzo olula futhi obhalwe kahle. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kuboniswe esihlokweni, uma izidingo eziyisisekelo zingafinyelelwanga lapho kuklanywa inethiwekhi yamapayipi, umphumela ungabulala kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-01-2021
