TZB Information/Water Region, Canalizas/Izura Cechluk/Thermal stress and phokoso mbali za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mapaipi
Mavuto ndi zothetsera. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a wopanga, iyi ndi nkhani yophweka komanso yofotokozedwa bwino, koma - monga momwe tawonetsera m'nkhani - zofunikira za ndondomekoyi sizikukwaniritsidwa.
Kupsyinjika kwapaipi kwapaipi kumakhudzana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa dipotation khalidwe la payipi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha kwa zinthu zapaipi. Kuchokera pamalingaliro akuthupi, zikuwonekeratu kuti kusinthaku kumachitika osati muzitsulo za payipi, mwachitsanzo, kutalika, komanso kuchuluka. Onerani kanema, onerani kanema, oneraninso kanema. Mutha kudziwa zambiri ndi: Chodabwitsacho chiyenera kuthetsedwa, ngati kokha kuchokera pamalingaliro a elasticity ya zinthuzo komanso chomaliza, kuthekera kofalitsa kugwedezeka.
Pipeline Thermal Stress, New Jersey. O, nzcooling (nzcooling), pali kusagwirizana mu chitoliro chomwe chimafalitsidwa ndi kukonza chitoliro ngati mphamvu ya axial. Pochita, amaganizira kwambiri kusintha kutalika kwa payipi, mwachitsanzo, kutalika kapena, m'malo mwake, kuchepa. Yambirani pa:
Zida zoyambira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina a mapaipi, monga ntchito zotenthetsera kapena kukhazikitsa kwaukhondo (madzi, ngalande, gasi), ndi chitsulo, mm. Pulasitiki ali ndi pafupifupi kuwirikiza kakhumi kutalika ndi kuthanuka kwa zitsulo.
Kusintha kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kukula kwa matenthedwe kumatha kupewedwa mosavuta, mwina ndi zomwe zimatchedwa Mtsinje wa Napuri. mwa kupinda njira (mkuyu 1a), kapena kupinda compensators (mkuyu 1b ndi 1c) [1, 2, 3]. Thandizo lotsetsereka la payipi nthawi zambiri limazindikirika ndi zikhomo zokhala ndi zomangira zotsetsereka ndipo ziyenera kuyikidwa motere, uwu ndi mtembo wosapanga kulimba komwe mukufuna. Mutha kupeza thupi lanu mwakuthupi. Kwa magawo aatali, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiyike mfundo yokhazikika pakati kuti tigawanitse kufalikira mu magawo awiri.
Chomangira chokhazikika ndi chimodzi chomwe sichilola kufalikira, mwachitsanzo, m'malo mwa chithandizo chimalepheretsa kuyenda kwa chitoliro motsatira mbali yake. Mfundo yokhazikika imatha kukhazikitsidwa m'malo oyenda payipi, kuyika zida zogwira ntchito za mita, kapena m'malo mwa nthambi. Kuyika kotsetsereka kwa payipi ndi njira yomangirira, pamene payipi imalepheretsedwa kuti isasunthike kupyola njirayo, koma kusuntha kwapaipi kumatha kuchitika mumtunda wa payipi. Kuyika kotsetsereka kwa chitoliro choyenda mwaulere kumatha kuchitidwa ndi manja aulere (mkono wa chitoliro umangidwa mwamphamvu pamwamba pa chitoliro) kapena ndi hanger yosinthidwa mwapadera (February 2).
Chitolirocho chiyenera kukhala ndi mlonda pamene chitoliro chikankhidwira pakhoma la malo osungiramo. Mphika wa Urumqi (pakhoma, pansi kapena padenga) ukhoza kupangidwa pophatikiza makulidwe a khoma, kutsekemera kwamafuta, ndi chitoliro. pofika panjira (Januware 1). Mapaipi amatha kuyenda momasuka mkati mwa compressibility ya zinthu zosungunulira kutentha. Chofunikira chachikulu sichimangokhala kutsata kutalika kotalikira kwa payipi, komanso kutalika kochepa kwa zomwe zimatchedwa Free Latin America. Dzina la Maxim Max (1) limachokera ku kudzipatula. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutalika kochepa kwa mkono waulere kumadalira mtundu weniweni wa payipi. Zida zoyikapo za zinthu za ceramic zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kukonza zinthu zapulasitiki ziyenera kukwaniritsa izi. Tchati champhika cha akatswiri, tchati champhika cha akatswiri, tchati champhika cha akatswiri, tchati champhika cha akatswiri. Kwa mapaipi amkuwa, mutha kupitiliza molingana ndi graph yomwe ili mumkuyu 3 kapena molingana ndi ubale [10]:
Muyenera kutsimikizira kuti ndinu ndani pomwe mulibe. Njira yolumikizira sayenera kulemekeza zofunikira zokha (kutsetsereka) kuyika kwa chitoliro, komanso kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa kugwedezeka kuchokera ku chitoliro kupita ku nyumba yomanga. Mitundu Yatsopano ya zomera zophika Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera zophika mumiphika Zosiyanasiyana za zomera zophika.
Kuwerengera mtunda pakati pa zopachika (zothandizira) za chitoliro choyimitsidwa momasuka pansi pa denga, mungagwiritse ntchito chiyanjano (3), kapena kugwiritsa ntchito matebulo opanga zitoliro (mwachitsanzo [10]).
Kuchokera poyerekezera, matebulo amtunda wothandizira zitsulo (tebulo 3) ndi mapaipi amkuwa (tebulo 4) ndi mapaipi apulasitiki PP-R, S 2.5 (tebulo 5) angaperekedwe. DIN 1988-2 [9].
Jakob Zobo Sam Bohemia Provini Postvic, Puerto Rico Butovy Bovini v. 2013 Rocevic Plogneni in Šafaříkovy street ndi wachisoni. Sindimakukondani, sindimakonda Setkallo. Zomwe zingachitike pankhani yakusatsatira zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mokhazikika pamipope, kusapezeka kwa compensators ya kukulitsa kwautali panthawi ya unsembe, zikuwonetsedwa mkuyu. April 5. Uku ndi kung'ambika kwa chitoliro chogawa madzi udzu (PP-R 75 × 12.5), chomwe, pamene chinagwiritsidwa ntchito, chinang'amba chinsalu kuchokera padenga (April 4) ndipo m'malo angapo chinasintha. mawonekedwe ake (onani 5).
Pankhaniyi, iye anasonyezanso zotsatira za kupsyinjika matenthedwe pa moyo wa chitoliro pulasitiki. Chonde fotokozani ma schematics ofunikira pokonzekera zonyansa. Malinga ndi zolemba za polojekiti ya ofesi yokonza mapulani, ndondomeko yokonzekera mzere wa sewero unali wokonzeka (June 6). Makampani omwe ali ndi mayina enieni, makampani ophatikizana, ndi makampani ophatikizana. Zotsatira zake, pafupifupi atangotumiza, panali ngozi mu chotenthetsera kutentha.
Kodi chinayambitsa ngoziyi chinali chiyani? Chojambulira kutentha chinapangidwa kuti chilumikizane mwachindunji ndi CZT ndi kutentha kwadzina kopereka madzi kwa 130 ° C. Tsoka ilo, kampani yoyika gawo lachiwiri la chotenthetsera kutentha idalumikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi apulasitiki omwe adayikidwa kale mwachindunji pachowotcha. Zamasamba zophika, zomera zophika [11]. Ngati tiganizira ntchito PP-R chitoliro 50 × 8.3 mamilimita ndi ntchito overpressure 0,64 MPa, ndiye masamu kupsinjika kwa chitoliro khoma kwa chizindikiro chizindikiro ccaσv = 2.41 MPa. Kuchokera pa kutentha kwapaipi kwa 80 ° C, moyo wa payipi ukhoza kuwerengedwa ngati zaka 25, malinga ndi wopanga mapaipi. Chitetezo cha 90 ° C chimakhala ndi kutentha kwa 5, ndipo chitetezo cha 110 ° C chili ndi chitetezo cha zaka 0.9. 130 ° C kutentha kwambiri thukuta nsalu! Zomwe zimachitika, moyo wa payipi ukakwera kwambiri ndi kutentha kwapamtunda, ukhoza kuganiziridwa pa kutentha kwapamtunda kozungulira 130 ° C. Chithunzi cha kulephera kugwirizana mwatsoka chikuwonetsedwa mkuyu 7. Ndikoyenera kuwonjezera (Kate sanatsimikizidwe ntchito ya mpope No. 1), "Pruze" (amapereka squeal)
Ngakhale wopanga mapaipi (ⅴmalangizo oyika mapaipi) 1 mlengi (ⅴwa polojekiti) onse adapempha kuti ASATI akhazikitse chitoliro chamtunduwu chamtundu wa HEAT, chitsulocho chiyenera kusindikizidwa ndikuyika chitoliro chachitsulo 2
Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono m'nyumba kumabweretsa vuto la kulenga ndi kufalikira kwa zochitika zaphokoso. Magwero angakhale mwachitsanzo. Armature, mapaipi, mapampu, mafani, zimbudzi kapena madzi mapaipi, zikepe, etc. Masanjidwe amakanika amachokera pa 20 mpaka 20,000 makilomita (ie mtunda womveka). Phokoso limatha kufalikira mu mpweya, zamadzimadzi ndi zolimba ngati mafunde acoustic. Kuti tiyerekeze, mafunde amamvekedwe amayenda pa liwiro la 340 m / s mumlengalenga, koma mpaka 1500 m / s m'madzi. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zanu zomwe zimachitika nthawi yayitali mafunde acoustic, gwiritsani ntchito ma elastomers amapezeka nthawi yayitali, ndikupeza dzina lanu pophatikizana limatsogolera kumayendedwe. Zipangizo zonse zomangira zomwe timakumana nazo zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwamphamvu yakuthwanima kutengera mtunda kuchokera komwe kumachokera. Pankhani ya kufalikira kwa mawu kudzera muzinthu zolimba, kumatchedwa vibration. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto lamkati, chomwe chimatanthauzidwa ngati [4, 7]:
Zomangira, monga Pambuyo poletsa mafunso, chinthu ichi ndi chochepa kwambiri, choncho kugwedezeka (res. phokoso losafunikira) kutali, mwachitsanzo. Ciri Nibo Djevo. Zikuoneka kuti mukhoza kupita kuchokera pazimenezi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwona phokoso kuchokera ku zomangamanga. Wachibale wa anthu a Napus, Czechnavić Kostluksić Nibo Swieku Budovova Malif Serra Ruda Velechin, Napur. makonda okhazikika.
Zimaphatikizapo kuthetsa gwero la phokoso kapena kuchepetsa kukweza kwake. Pankhani yamakina azaumoyo, makamaka imakhudza kupanga koyenera kwa zida zapayekha. Phokoso limathanso chifukwa cha mtsinje wa madzi, kutuluka kwa madzi kuchokera ku matanki othamangitsidwa, kutuluka kwa madzi Okongola, ndi zina zotero. Zida zomwe zimachepetsa mawonetseredwe awa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoumba kapena zitsulo zotayidwa. Knapp June 7, Czech Republic 75 5455, French National Railway Company (CSN 75 5455), Podvik (Norvévé) Democratic Republic (June 6).
Zimatengera malo oyenera a malo aphokoso. Mapangidwe olondola a momwe zinthu zilili mkati mwa nyumbayi, Knapp. zipinda zowotchera, zimbudzi, khitchini, zipinda zosambira, ndi zina zambiri, zitha kupulumutsa ndalama zambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti zipinda zotetezedwa zimamveka bwino. Kusiyanitsa ndi njira zoganizira mozama komwe mungapangire magawo ogawa mapaipi ndi komwe, m'malo mwake, kuyesa kupewa njira zawo.
Zimapangidwa ndi zida zodzipatula zaphokoso kapena malo onse aphokoso okhala ndi zotchingira zapadera zotchingira mawu, magawo, ndi zina. Tekinoloje ya Apod Motor Company. Ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti Njira ya Tata iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito (njirayi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito), "Ngati sizingatheke kuphatikiza njira ziwiri zam'mbuyo" [5, 6].
Cholinga cha nkhaniyi chinali kukumbutsa zofunikira za mapangidwe a mapaipi amtundu kumbali ya kutentha kwa kutentha. Ndikofunikira kwambiri pokonzekera njira yamapaipi kuti musamangoganizira kutentha ndi kutalika kwa payipi yomwe ikufunsidwa, komanso malingaliro a phokoso. Mu gawo la polojekiti, n'zotheka kupewa mavuto amtsogolo pamene wina (pamene) akudandaula za phokoso, Pukud de Duruch (Ngati munthu winayo) atapangidwa, mwachitsanzo, Napshtivan Nune kapena Hot Springs. Komanso, m'pofunika kukumbutsani kuti kuyesa kulikonse kwa mlengi kuti ayesenso mavuto omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, chifukwa cha thupi la mapangidwe a mapaipi a SITI, nthawi zambiri amalephera PRIMO pakupanga mapaipi a SITI.
Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndikukulitsa maukonde a mapaipi. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a wopanga, ili ndi funso losavuta komanso lolembedwa bwino. Komabe, monga momwe tawonetsera m'nkhaniyo, ngati zofunikira sizikukwaniritsidwa popanga mapaipi amtundu, zotsatira zake zingakhale zoopsa kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-01-2021
