TZB Information/Water Region, Canalizas/Izura Cechluk/Thermal stress and suab nrov yam ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm pipeline networks
Teeb meem thiab kev daws teeb meem. Los ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv pom, qhov no yog qhov yooj yim heev thiab piav qhia txog qhov teeb meem, tab sis - raws li qhia hauv tsab xov xwm - cov kev cai yooj yim ntawm cov lus pom zoo tsis tau ntsib.
Lub thermal stress ntawm pipeline networks muaj feem xyuam rau lub thiaj li hu ua dipotation tus cwj pwm ntawm lub raj xa dej vim qhov kub thiab txias hloov ntawm cov khoom siv pipeline. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub cev, nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov kev hloov pauv tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub axis ntawm lub raj xa dej, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv ntev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ntim. Saib movie, saib movie, saib movie dua. Koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv los ntawm: Qhov tshwm sim yuav tsum tau daws, yog tias tsuas yog los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov elasticity ntawm cov khoom siv thiab qhov kawg tab sis tsis kawg, qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev xa cov vibrations.
Pipeline Thermal Stress, New Jersey. Huag, nzcooling (nzcooling), muaj qhov nro hauv cov yeeb nkab uas tau xa los ntawm cov yeeb nkab kho raws li lub zog axial. Hauv kev xyaum, nws feem ntau txiav txim siab hloov qhov ntev ntawm cov kav dej, piv txwv li lengthening lossis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, shrinking. Pib ntawm:
Cov khoom siv yooj yim uas siv hauv cov kav dej sib txuas, xws li cov phiaj xwm cua sov lossis cov khoom siv huv huv (dej, dej phwj, roj), yog hlau, hli. Cov yas yog li ntawd muaj kwv yees li kaum npaug ntawm qhov ntev thiab elasticity ntawm cov hlau.
Longitudinal hloov vim thermal expansion tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau yooj yim heev, los ntawm kev hu ua Napuri River. los ntawm kev khoov txoj kev (Fig. 1a), los yog khoov compensators (Fig. 1b thiab 1c) [1, 2, 3]. Kev txhawb nqa zawv zawg ntawm cov raj xa dej feem ntau pom tau los ntawm cov clamps nrog zawv zawg clamps thiab yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov no, qhov no yog lub cev tuag ntawm tsis tsim qhov kev xav tau ruaj khov. Koj tuaj yeem pom koj lub cev lub cev. Rau cov ntu ntev dua, nws raug nquahu kom muab qhov chaw ruaj khov rau hauv nruab nrab kom faib qhov txuas ntxiv mus rau ob ntu.
Ib qho txuas ruaj khov yog ib qho uas tsis pub nthuav dav, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev txhawb nqa nws tiv thaiv kev txav ntawm cov yeeb nkab raws nws axis. Qhov taw tes ruaj khov tuaj yeem pom tau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev txav ntawm lub raj xa dej, haum ntawm cov fittings ntawm lub active meter, los yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm ceg. Qhov zawv zawg qhov chaw ntawm lub raj xa dej yog ib txoj hauv kev fastening, thaum lub raj xa dej tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob txav mus dhau ntawm txoj kev, tab sis dilatational txav ntawm cov yeeb nkab tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv axis ntawm cov kav dej. Qhov zawv zawg qhov chaw ntawm cov yeeb nkab tsis pub khiav tuaj yeem ua tau nrog lub tes tsho dawb (lub tes tsho yeeb nkab yog nruj nreem kaw rau saum npoo ntawm cov yeeb nkab) lossis nrog cov yeeb nkab tshwj xeeb hanger (Lub Ob Hlis 2).
Cov yeeb nkab yuav tsum tau nruab nrog tus neeg saib xyuas thaum cov yeeb nkab raug thawb rau hauv phab ntsa ntawm qhov zawv zawg cia. Urumqi lauj kaub (ntawm phab ntsa, hauv pem teb lossis qab nthab) tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm phab ntsa tuab, thermal rwb thaiv tsev, thiab cov yeeb nkab. los ntawm kev tig ntawm txoj kev (Lub Ib Hlis 1st). Cov kav dej muaj peev xwm txav tau yooj yim nyob rau hauv compressibility ntawm thermal rwb thaiv tsev cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej tsis yog tsuas yog kev saib xyuas ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws dilated ntev ntawm cov kav dej, tab sis kuj yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntev ntawm qhov hu ua Dawb Latin America. Lub npe Maxim Max (1) los ntawm kev sib cais. Piv txwv li, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntev ntawm lub caj npab dawb nyob ntawm seb hom kev xa dej. Cov khoom ntim ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic siv hauv kev tsim thiab ua cov khoom yas yuav tsum ua raws li cov hauv qab no. Professional pot chart, professional pot chart, professional pot chart, professional pot chart. Rau cov kav dej tooj liab, koj tuaj yeem ua raws li daim duab hauv daim duab 3 lossis raws li kev sib raug zoo [10]:
Koj yuav tsum ua pov thawj koj tus kheej thaum koj tsis tuaj. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txuas yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog hwm cov kev cai rau kev pub dawb (sliding) tso ntawm cov yeeb nkab, tab sis kuj txo qis kev sib kis ntawm kev vibrations los ntawm cov yeeb nkab mus rau lub tsev qauv. Tshiab ntau yam ntawm potted nroj tsuag Ntau yam ntawm potted nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm potted nroj tsuag.
Txhawm rau xam qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov hangers (txhawb nqa) ntawm cov yeeb nkab uas tau muab tshem tawm hauv qab nthab, koj tuaj yeem siv kev sib raug zoo (3), lossis siv cov rooj ntawm cov yeeb nkab manufacturers (xws li [10]).
Los ntawm qhov kev pom ntawm kev sib piv, cov lus nyob deb ntawm cov hlau txhawb nqa (table 3) thiab cov kav dej tooj liab (table 4) thiab cov kav dej yas PP-R, S 2.5 (table 5) tuaj yeem muab. DIN 1988-2 [9].
Jakob Zobo Sam Bohemia Provini Postvic, Puerto Rico Butovy Bovini v. 2013 Rocevic Plogneni hauv Šafaříkovy txoj kev tu siab. Kuv tsis nyiam koj, Kuv tsis nyiam Setkallo. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis-ua raws li cov kev teem tseg occlusal positioning ntawm cov kav dej, tsis muaj compensators ntawm longitudinal expansion thaum lub sij hawm installation, yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab. Lub Plaub Hlis 5. Qhov no yog qhov hnav thiab tsim kua muag ntawm cov nyom dej faib cov yeeb nkab (PP-R 75 × 12.5), uas, thaum nws tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm, qhov tseem ceeb rub cov ntaub thaiv los ntawm lub qab nthab (Lub Plaub Hlis 4) thiab hauv ntau qhov chaw hloov pauv tag nrho. nws cov duab (saib 5).
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws kuj qhia tau hais tias cov nyhuv ntawm thermal stress ntawm lub neej ntawm cov yeeb nkab yas. Thov piav qhia txog qhov tsim nyog schematics rau kev npaj cov dej phwj tuaj. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub chaw tsim khoom tsim, lub tswv yim rau kev npaj cov kav dej yog nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim (Lub Rau Hli 6). Lub npe tiag tiag-cov tuam txhab sib koom ua lag luam, cov tuam txhab sib koom ua lag luam thiab cov tuam txhab sib koom ua lag luam. Yog li ntawd, yuav luag tam sim ntawd tom qab commissioning, muaj kev huam yuaj nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub exchanger.
Dab tsi yog qhov ua rau poob? Lub tshav kub exchanger yog tsim los rau kev sib txuas ncaj qha rau CZT nrog rau qhov nominal muab dej kub ntawm 130 ° C. Hmoov tsis zoo, lub tuam txhab kev teeb tsa ntawm cov hluav taws xob thib ob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas nrog kev siv cov kav dej yas uas twb tau teeb tsa ncaj qha rau ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Potted zaub, potted nroj tsuag [11]. Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov siv PP-R yeeb nkab 50 × 8.3 hli thiab kev khiav hauj lwm overpressure ntawm 0.64 MPa, ces tus xam cov kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov yeeb nkab phab ntsa rau lub parameter ccaσv = 2.41 MPa. Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm cov kav dej ntawm 80 ° C, lub neej ntawm cov kav dej tuaj yeem suav tau li 25 xyoo, raws li cov chaw tsim khoom hauv kav dej. Kev tiv thaiv qib ntawm 90 ° C muaj qhov kub ntawm 5, thiab kev tiv thaiv qib ntawm 110 ° C muaj kev tiv thaiv qib 0.9 xyoo. 130 ° C kub hws daim ntaub! Qhov sib txawv, thaum lub neej ntawm cov raj xa dej nce ntxiv nrog qhov kub thiab txias, tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ntawm qhov kub ntawm ib ncig ntawm 130 ° C. Daim duab qhia txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev sib txuas tsis ua haujlwm yog pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 7. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ntxiv (Kate tsis tau lees paub qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub twj tso kua mis 1), "Pruze" (muab squeal)
Txawm hais tias cov chaw tsim khoom siv yeeb nkab (ⅴ cov lus qhia rau kev teeb tsa cov kav dej) 1 tus tsim qauv (ⅴ ntawm qhov project) txhua tus tau thov kom ua ntej rau kev teeb tsa ntawm cov yeeb nkab yas no nrog lub HEAT exchanger, cov hlau yuav tsum raug kaw thiab cov yeeb nkab steel ntsia 2
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej siv hauv vaj tse coj nrog nws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim thiab kev sib kis ntawm lub suab nrov tshwm sim. Cov peev txheej tuaj yeem yog eg. Armature, pipelines, twj, kiv cua, dej phwj los yog dej kav, elevator, thiab lwm yam. Qhov qeb duas ntawm kev siv tshuab yog li ntawm 20 txog 20,000 mais (piv txwv li lub suab nrov). Lub suab tuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv cov pa roj, kua thiab cov khib nyiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm acoustic nthwv dej. Txhawm rau xav txog, acoustic nthwv dej taug kev ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 340 m / s hauv huab cua, tab sis mus txog 1500 m / s hauv dej. Koj tuaj yeem siv koj cov mos txwv nyob rau hauv tshwm sim tsuas yog longitudinal acoustic tsis, siv elastomers tshwm sim ob qho tib si longitudinal, thiab nrhiav koj lub npe ntawm kev sib xyaw ua rau oscillations. Tag nrho cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas peb ntsib pom qhov txo qis ntawm kev siv flickering nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm suab propagation los ntawm cov khoom siv, nws yog hu ua vibration. Qhov kev txiav txim siab hauv qhov no yog qhov cuam tshuam sab hauv, txhais raws li [4, 7]:
Cov khoom siv hauv tsev, xws li Tom qab tshem tawm cov lus nug, qhov no me me heev, yog li qhov kev vibration (res. pliaj suab nrov) nyob deb, piv txwv li. Ciri Nibo Djevo. Nws hloov tawm tias koj tuaj yeem mus los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb heev los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub suab nrov los ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev. Ib tug txheeb ze ntawm cov neeg Napus, Czechnavić Kostluksić Nibo Swieku Budovova Malif Serra Ruda Velechin, Napur. kev teeb tsa ua ntej.
Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev tshem tawm cov suab nrov los yog txo nws cov suab nrov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev noj qab haus huv kev teeb tsa, nws feem ntau yog tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho ntawm tus kheej cov khoom siv. Cov suab nrov kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm cov dej ntws, cov dej ntws tawm ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam tawm, cov dej ntws tawm ntawm cov dej Charming, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntaub ntawv uas ua rau cov dej tsis zoo no feem ntau yog ceramics lossis cam khwb cia hlau. Knapp Lub Rau Hli 7, Czech koom pheej 75 5455, Fabkis National Railway Company (CSN 75 5455), Podvik (Norvévé) Democratic Republic (Lub Rau Hli 6).
Nws yog nyob ntawm qhov tsim nyog zaum ntawm qhov chaw nrov nrov. Kev tsim kho ntawm qhov xwm txheej sab hauv lub tsev, Knapp. chav boiler, chav dej, chav ua noj, chav dej, thiab lwm yam, tuaj yeem txuag nyiaj txiag tseem ceeb los ntawm kev ua kom lub suab nrov ntawm cov chav tiv thaiv. Kev sib piv nrog txhais tau tias ua tib zoo xav txog qhov twg los tsim cov kav xa dej xa tawm thiab qhov twg, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, sim zam lawv txoj kev.
Nws muaj cov khoom siv tsis muaj suab nrov lossis tag nrho qhov chaw nrov nrov nrog lub suab tshwj xeeb-insulating npog, partitions, thiab lwm yam. Technology ntawm Apod Motor Company. Nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv tias txoj kev Tata yuav tsum tau siv (tus qauv no yuav tsum tau siv), "Yog tias nws tsis tuaj yeem ua ke ib qho ntawm ob txoj kev dhau los" [5, 6].
Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm yog kom nco ntsoov cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov kav dej sib txuas ntawm sab ntawm thermal stress. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev thaum npaj txoj kev mus rau hauv lub raj xa mus rau hauv tus account tsis yog tsuas yog qhov kub thiab txias ntawm lub raj xa dej, tab sis kuj tseem xav txog lub suab nrov. Nyob rau hauv qhov project theem, nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv tau cov teeb meem yav tom ntej thaum ib tug (thaum ib tug) yws txog lub suab nrov, Pukud de Duruch (Yog hais tias lwm tus neeg) ntawm ua, piv txwv li, Napshtivan Nune los yog Kub Springs. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias txhua qhov kev sim los ntawm tus tsim qauv los ntsuas cov teeb meem saum toj no, uas tshwm sim los ntawm lub cev ntawm tus qauv tsim ntawm SITI pipelines, feem ntau ua tsis tiav PRIMO hauv kev tsim ntawm SITI pipelines.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog nyob rau hauv cov yeeb nkab network expansion. Los ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv pom, qhov no yog cov lus nug yooj yim heev thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li qhia hauv tsab xov xwm, yog tias cov kev cai yooj yim tsis tau ua tiav thaum tsim cov kav dej sib txuas, qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus.
Post lub sij hawm: Feb-01-2021
