Ulwazi lweTZB/uMmandla waManzi, eCanalizas/Izura Cechluk/Uxinzelelo lobushushu kunye nemiba yengxolo yokusebenza kothungelwano lwemibhobho
Iingxaki kunye nezisombululo. Ukusuka kumbono womyili, lo ngumba olula kakhulu kwaye uchazwe kakuhle, kodwa - njengoko kubonisiwe kwinqaku - iimfuno ezisisiseko zesindululo azifezeki.
Uxinzelelo lwe-thermal yothungelwano lwemibhobho lunxulumene nento ebizwa ngokuba yi-dipotation behaviour yombhobho ngenxa yokutshintsha kobushushu bezinto zombhobho. Ukususela kumbono womzimba, kuyacaca ukuba utshintsho lwenzeka kuphela kwi-axis yombhobho, oko kukuthi ubude, kodwa kunye nomthamo. Bukela imuvi, bukela imuvi, bukela imuvi kwakhona. Unokufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya ngoku: Isenzeko kufuneka sisonjululwe, ukuba kuphela ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga i-elasticity yezinto kwaye okokugqibela kodwa kuncinci, ukukwazi ukuhambisa ii-vibrations.
Uxinzelelo lwePipeline Thermal, eNew Jersey. O, i-nzcooling (i-nzcooling), kukho ukunyanzeliswa kwipayipi ehanjiswa ngokulungiswa kombhobho njengamandla e-axial. Ekusebenzeni, ubukhulu becala ucinga ukutshintsha ubude bombhobho, oko kukuthi ukwandisa okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuncipha. Qala ku:
Izinto ezisisiseko ezisetyenziswa kuthungelwano lwemibhobho, njengeeprojekthi zokufudumeza okanye ukufakwa kococeko (amanzi, ugutyulo, igesi), yintsimbi, mm. Iplastiki ke ngoko inobude obuphindwe kalishumi ubude kunye nokunwebeka kweentsimbi.
Utshintsho lwe-longitudinal ngenxa yokwandiswa kwe-thermal lunokuthintelwa ngokulula kakhulu, nokuba kuthiwa Umlambo waseNapuri. ngokuguqa indlela (Umfanekiso 1a), okanye ukugoba abaxhasi (Umfanekiso 1b kunye ne-1c) [1, 2, 3]. Inkxaso yokutyibilika yombhobho ubukhulu becala iqondwa ngezibophelelo ezineentsimbi ezityibilikayo kwaye kufuneka zibekwe ngoko, esi sisidumbu sokungadali ukuqina okufunayo. Ungawufumana umzimba wakho ngokwasemzimbeni. Kumacandelo amade, kucetyiswa ukuba ubeke indawo echanekileyo phakathi ukuze uhlukanise ukwandiswa kwiindawo ezimbini.
I-attachment esisigxina yinto engavumeli ukwandiswa, oko kukuthi endaweni yenkxaso ikhusela ukuhamba kombhobho kunye ne-axis yayo. Iphuzu elimiselweyo lingaphunyezwa kwindawo yokuhamba kombhobho, ukulungelelaniswa kokufakwa kwemitha esebenzayo, okanye kwindawo yesebe. Ukubekwa kwe-sliding yombhobho yindlela yokuqinisa, xa umbhobho unqandekile ukuba uhambe ngaphaya kwe-axis yendlela, kodwa ukuhamba kwe-dilatational kombhobho kunokwenzeka kwi-axis yombhobho. Ukubekwa kwesilayidi sombhobho osebenza ngokukhululekileyo kunokwenziwa nokuba ngumkhono wasimahla (umkhono wombhobho uqiniswe ngokuqinileyo kumphezulu wombhobho) okanye ngehanger elungiselelwe ngokukodwa (ngoFebruwari 2).
Umbhobho kufuneka uxhotyiswe ngomlindi xa umbhobho utyhalwa eludongeni lwendawo yokugcina isilayidi. Imbiza ye-Urumqi (eludongeni, emgangathweni okanye kwisilingi) inokudalwa ngokudibanisa ubukhulu bodonga, i-thermal insulation, kunye nombhobho. ngokujika kwendlela (ngomhla woku-1 kuJanuwari). Imibhobho inethuba lokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo ngaphakathi kokunyanzeliswa kwezinto zokufakelwa kwe-thermal. Imfuno esisiseko ayikona nje ukuthotyelwa kobude obuninzi obunabileyo bombhobho, kodwa kunye nobude obuncinane bento ebizwa ngokuba Mahala eLatin America. Igama likaMaxim Max (1) livela kwidwa. Ngokwahlukileyo, ubude obuncinane bengalo yamahhala buxhomekeke kuhlobo oluthile lombhobho. Izinto zokupakisha zeemveliso ze-ceramic ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kunye nokulungiswa kweemveliso zeplastiki ziya kuhlangabezana nale miqathango ilandelayo. Itshathi yembiza yobuchwephesha, itshathi yembiza yobuchwephesha, itshathi yembiza yobuchwephesha. Kwimibhobho yobhedu, unokuqhubeka ngokwegrafu kwi-Fig. 3 okanye ngokobudlelwane [10]:
Kufuneka ubonakalise ubuwena xa ungekho. Indlela yokunamathisela akufanele ihloniphe kuphela iimfuno zamahhala (i-sliding) yokubeka umbhobho, kodwa nokunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwee-vibrations ukusuka kumbhobho ukuya kwisakhiwo sokwakha. Iindidi ezintsha zezityalo ezifakwe kwiimbiza Iindidi zezityalo ezifakwe kwi-potted kwiindidi zezityalo ze-potted.
Ukubala umgama phakathi kwama-hangers (inkxaso) yombhobho omiswe ngokukhululekileyo phantsi kwesilingi, ungasebenzisa ubudlelwane (3), okanye usebenzise iitafile zabenzi bombhobho (umz. [10]).
Ukususela kumbono wokuthelekisa, iitafile zomgama kwiinkxaso zensimbi (itafile 3) kunye nemibhobho yobhedu (itheyibhile 4) kunye nemibhobho yeplastiki PP-R, S 2.5 (itafile 5) inokunikwa. DIN 1988-2 [9].
UJakob Zobo Sam Bohemia Provini Postvic, Puerto Rico Butovy Bovini v. 2013 Rocevic Plogneni kwisitalato iŠafaříkovy lusizi. Andikuthandi, andimthandi uSetkallo. Yintoni enokuthi yenzeke kwimeko yokungagcinwa kwesigxina esimiselweyo esisisigxina se-occlusal positioning of the pipes, ukungabikho kwe-compensators yokwandiswa kwe-longitudinal ngexesha lofakelo, kuboniswe kumkhiwane. Ngo-Epreli 5. Oku kukunxiba kunye nokukrazula kombhobho wokuhambisa amanzi ngengca (PP-R 75 × 12.5), eyathi, xa isetyenziswa, yakrazula ikhethini ukusuka kwisilingi (ngo-Aprili 4) kwaye kwiindawo ezininzi zatshintsha ngokupheleleyo. ubume bayo (uqwalaselo 5).
Kule meko, waphinda wabonisa umphumo woxinzelelo lwe-thermal ebomini bombhobho weplastiki. Nceda uchaze izicwangciso eziyimfuneko zokulungiswa kwenkqubo yogutyulo. Ngokwamaxwebhu eprojekthi yeofisi yokuyila, iskimu sokulungiselela umgca wogutyulo lwalulungelelene (ngoJuni 6). Iinkampani ezidibeneyo ezidibeneyo, iinkampani ezidibeneyo kunye neenkampani ezidibeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, ngokukhawuleza emva kokugunyaziswa, kwakukho ingozi kwi-heat exchanger.
Yintoni eyabangela le ngozi? Umtshintshi wobushushu wenzelwe ukudityaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-CZT kunye nobushushu obuqhelekileyo bokubonelela ngamanzi angama-130 ° C. Ngelishwa, inkampani yofakelo yesekethe yesibini ye-heat exchanger idibanise ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho yeplastiki esele ifakwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-heat exchanger. Imifuno ephothiweyo, izityalo ezifakwe kwiimbiza [11]. Ukuba siqwalasela ipayipi ye-PP-R esetyenzisiweyo 50 × 8.3 mm kunye noxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwe-0.64 MPa, ngoko uxinzelelo olubaliweyo lombhobho wodonga lweparameter echaziweyo ccaσv = 2.41 MPa. Ukususela kubushushu bokusebenza kombhobho we-80 ° C, ubomi bombhobho bungabalwa njengeminyaka engama-25, ngokutsho komenzi wepayipi. Umgangatho wokukhusela we-90 ° C unezinga lokushisa le-5, kwaye izinga lokukhusela le-110 ° C linomgangatho wokukhusela we-0.9 iminyaka. 130°C ilaphu lokubila lobushushu obuphezulu! Umkhwa, xa ubomi bombhobho bunyuka kakhulu kunye nobushushu bomhlaba, bunokuqwalaselwa kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphezulu kwe-130 ° C. Umzobo wokungaphumeleli koxhulumaniso olungathandekiyo uboniswe kuMzobo 7. Kuyimfuneko ukongeza (uKate akazange aqinisekise ukusebenza kwempompo No. 1), "Pruze" (inika i-squeal)
Nangona umenzi wemibhobho (ⅴimiyalelo yofakelo lwemibhobho) 1 umyili (ⅴweprojekthi) bonke bacele ukuba NGAPHAMBI kofakelo olu hlobo lombhobho weplastiki kunye ne-HEAT, intsimbi kufuneka itywinwe kwaye kufakwe umbhobho wentsimbi 2
Ukusebenza kwezixhobo zobugcisa kwizakhiwo kuzisa ingxaki yokudala kunye nokusasazeka kweziganeko zengxolo. Imithombo ingaba umz. I-Armature, imibhobho, iimpompo, iifeni, ugutyulo okanye imibhobho yamanzi, iilifti, njl. Ukuhlelwa koomatshini kususela kuma-20 ukuya kuma-20,000 eekhilomitha (oko kukuthi uluhlu oluvakalayo). Isandi sinokusasazeka kwiigesi, ulwelo kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ngohlobo lwamaza aacoustic. Ukucinga, i-acoustic wave ihamba ngesantya se-340 m / s emoyeni, kodwa ukuya kwi-1500 m / s emanzini. Ungasebenzisa eyakho imipu xa kwenzeka kuphela amaza e-acoustic alongitudinal, sebenzisa ii-elastomers zenzeka zombini iilongitudinal, kwaye ufumane igama lakho ngokudityaniswa kukhokelela kwi-oscillations. Zonke izinto zokwakha esidibana nazo zibonisa ukuncipha kobunzulu bokubhabha ngokuxhomekeke kumgama osuka kumthombo. Kwimeko yokusasazwa kwesandi ngokusebenzisa izinto eziqinileyo, kubizwa ngokuba yi-vibration. Into egqibayo kule meko yinto yangaphakathi yokudambisa, echazwa njenge [4, 7]:
Izinto zokwakha, ezifana Emva kokukhansela i-quiz, le nto incinci kakhulu, ngoko ke i-vibration (res. ingxolo engafunekiyo) kude, umz. Ciri Nibo Djevo. Kuvela ukuba unokuhamba kuloo nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwimbono yengxolo evela kulwakhiwo lwesakhiwo. Isihlobo sabantu baseNapus, Czechnavić Kostluksić Nibo Swieku Budovova Malif Serra Ruda Velechin, Napur. useto olungagqibekanga.
Ibandakanya ukuphelisa umthombo wengxolo okanye ukunciphisa isandi sayo. Kwimeko yofakelo lobugcisa bezempilo, ikakhulu ibandakanya ulwakhiwo olufanelekileyo lwezinto zomntu ngamnye. Ingxolo isenokubangelwa ngumjelo wamanzi, ukuphuma kwamanzi kwiitanki ezigungxulwayo, ukuphuma kwamanzi anomtsalane, njl. njl. Izinto ezithomalalisa ezi mbonakalo kakuhle ubukhulu becala ziiseramikhi okanye intsimbi ekhandiweyo. Knapp Juni 7, Czech Republic 75 5455, French National Railway Company (CSN 75 5455), Podvik (Norvévé) Democratic Republic (Juni 6).
Isekwe kwindawo efanelekileyo yeendawo ezinengxolo. Uyilo oluchanekileyo lwemeko yendawo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, Knapp. amagumbi ebhoyila, izindlu zangasese, iikhikhini, amagumbi okuhlambela, njl., zinokugcina izibonelelo zemali ezibalulekileyo ngokuqinisekisa intuthuzelo ye-acoustic yamagumbi akhuselweyo. Thelekisa iindlela zokuqwalasela ngononophelo apho kuyilwa khona ukuhanjiswa kwemibhobho kunye nalapho, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuzama ukuphepha iindlela zabo.
Ibandakanya izixhobo ezingxolayo zodwa okanye yonke indawo enengxolo enezandi ezikhethekileyo zokugquma isandi, izahlulo, njl. Itekhnoloji yeNkampani ye-Apod Motor. Kufuneka kongezwe ukuba i-Tata Method kufuneka isetyenziswe (le ndlela kufuneka isetyenziswe), "Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukudibanisa nayiphi na indlela ezimbini zangaphambili" [5, 6].
Injongo yenqaku yayikukukhumbuza iimfuno ezisisiseko zoyilo lweenethiwekhi zemibhobho kwicala loxinzelelo lwe-thermal. Kubaluleke kakhulu xa kucwangciswa indlela yombhobho ukuba ithathele ingqalelo kuphela ubushushu kunye nobude bombhobho ocetywayo, kodwa kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwengxolo. Kwinqanaba leprojekthi, kunokwenzeka ukukhusela iingxaki ezizayo xa umntu (xa omnye) ekhalaza ngengxolo, iPukud de Duruch (Ukuba omnye umntu) eyenziwe, umzekelo, uNapshtivan Nune okanye iHot Springs. Kwakhona, kuyimfuneko ukukhumbuza ukuba nayiphi na inzame yomyili wokuvavanya kwakhona iingxaki ezikhankanywe ngasentla, ezibangelwa yindalo yendalo yoyilo lwemibhobho ye-SITI, ngokuqhelekileyo iyasilela i-PRIMO kuyilo lwemibhobho ye-SITI.
Ingqwalasela yeli nqaku kukwandiswa komnatha wombhobho. Ngokwembono yomyili, lo ngumbuzo olula kwaye ubhalwe kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kuboniswe kwinqaku, ukuba iimfuno ezisisiseko azifezekanga xa kuyilwa umnatha wombhobho, umphumo unokuba yingozi kakhulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-01-2021
