Sisebenzisa amakhukhi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho.Ngokuqhubeka upheqa lesi sizindalwazi uyavumelana nokusetshenziswa kwethu kwamakhukhi.Ulwazi olwengeziwe.
Isevisi ebucayi ayinayo incazelo esemthethweni.Kungacatshangwa njengokubhekisela ezimweni zokusebenza lapho ukushintshwa kwamavalvu kubiza noma kunciphisa amandla okusebenza.
Kunesidingo somhlaba wonke sokunciphisa izindleko zenqubo yokukhiqiza ukuze kuthuthukiswe inzuzo kuzo zonke izimboni ezibandakanya izimo zesevisi ezinzima.Lezi zisukela kuwoyela negesi namakhemikhali e-petrochemicals kuya ekuphehleni amandla enuzi namandla, ukucutshungulwa kwezimbiwa kanye nezimayini.
Abaqambi nonjiniyela basebenzela ukufeza lokhu ngezindlela ezihlukene.Indlela efaneleke kakhulu iwukwandisa isikhathi nokusebenza kahle ngokulawula okuphumelelayo kwemingcele yenqubo njengokuvala shaqa okuphumelelayo nokulawula ukugeleza okulungiselelwe.
Ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile, njengoba ukushintshwa okumbalwa kungaholela endaweni ephephile yokukhiqiza.Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani izama ukunciphisa inani lezinto zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa amaphampu nama-valve, nokuphatha okudingekayo.Ngasikhathi sinye, abanikazi bezindawo balindele. inzuzo enkulu ezimpahleni zabo.Ngenxa yalokhu, ukwanda komthamo wokucubungula kubangela amapayipi amancane (kodwa ububanzi obukhulu) kanye nemishini yokugeleza komkhiqizo ofanayo kanye namamitha ambalwa.
Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ngaphezu kokuthi kufanele zibe zinkulu kumadayimitha amapayipi abanzi, izingxenye zesistimu ngayinye zidinga ukumelana nokuchayeka isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinokhahlo ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo sokulondolozwa nokushintshwa kwangaphakathi komsebenzi.
Izingxenye, ezihlanganisa ama-valve namabhola, zidinga ukuba ziqine ukuze zivumelane nesicelo esifunwayo, kodwa futhi zinikeze ukuphila kwesevisi okwandisiwe.Nokho, inkinga enkulu ngezinhlelo eziningi zokusebenza ukuthi izingxenye zensimbi sezifinyelele imingcele yamakhono azo okusebenza.Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi abaklami bangase bangakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo. thola ezinye izinto ezingezona ezensimbi, ikakhulukazi izinto zobumba, zezicelo zesevisi ezidinga kakhulu.
Amapharamitha ajwayelekile adingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe izingxenye ngaphansi kwezimo zesevisi ezinzima ahlanganisa ukumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokukhathala, ukuqina, amandla nokuqina.
Ukuqina kuyipharamitha eyinhloko njengoba izingxenye ezingaqineli kangako zingahluleka ngendlela eyingozi.Ukuqina kwensimbi yobumba kuchazwa njengokumelana nokusakazwa kokuqhekeka.Kwezinye izimo kungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlehlisa, okuholela ekubeni kube nenani eliphakeme ngokuzenziwa. -i-notch beam ehlangene inikeza izilinganiso ezinembile.
Amandla ahlobene nokuqina, kodwa abhekisela endaweni eyodwa lapho okubalulekile kwehluleka khona ngokuyingozi lapho kusetshenziswa ingcindezi. Ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi “imoduli yokuphuka” futhi kukalwa ngokuthatha amaphuzu amathathu noma amaphuzu amane amandla okuguquguquka. ukukala kubha yokuhlola.Ukuhlolwa kwamaphuzu amathathu kunikeza amanani aphakeme angu-1% kunokuhlola okunamaphuzu amane.
Nakuba ubulukhuni bungalinganiswa ngezikali ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa i-Rockwell ne-Vickers, isikali se-Vickers microhardness sifaneleka kahle ezintweni ezithuthukisiwe ze-ceramic.Ukuqina kuyahlukahluka ngokulingana nokumelana nokuguga kwempahla.
Kuma-valve asebenza ngendlela ye-cyclic, ukukhathala kuyinkinga enkulu ngenxa yokuvulwa nokuvala okuqhubekayo kwe-valve.Ukukhathala kuwumkhawulo wamandla angaphezu kwalokho into evame ukuhluleka ngaphansi kwamandla ayo avamile aguquguqukayo.
Ukumelana nokugqwala kuncike endaweni yokusebenza kanye nemithombo yezindaba equkethe izinto.Izinto eziningi ezithuthukisiwe ze-ceramic zidlula izinsimbi kule ndawo, ngaphandle kwezinye izinto ezisekelwe ku-zirconia "ezonakaliswa nge-hydrothermally" lapho zivezwa kusitimu okushisa kakhulu.
Ingxenye yejiyomethri, i-coefficient of thermal expansion, conductivity thermal, ukuqina, namandla konke kuthinteka ukushaqeka okushisayo.Le yindawo ekhuthaza ukuqhutshwa kwe-thermal conductivity nokuqina, ngakho-ke, izingxenye zensimbi zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo.Nokho, intuthuko ezintweni ze-ceramic manje hlinzeka ngamazinga amukelekayo okumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo.
Izitsha zobumba ezithuthukisiwe sezisetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi futhi zidumile phakathi konjiniyela abanokwethenjelwa, onjiniyela bezitshalo nabaklami bamavalvu abafuna ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nenani. Kuye ngezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza, kukhona ukwakheka okuhlukile komuntu ngamunye okufanele izimboni ezihlukahlukene.Nokho, izitsha zobumba ezine eziphambili okubalulekile emkhakheni wamavalvu esevisi aqinile, futhi ahlanganisa i-silicon carbide (SiC), i-silicon nitride (Si3N4), i-alumina ne-zirconia.Impahla ye-Valve ne-valve yebhola ikhethwa ngokusekelwe ezidingweni ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-zirconia ezisetshenziswa kuma-valve ane-coefficient efanayo yokwanda okushisayo nokuqina njengensimbi.I-Magnesia i-zirconia eqinile kancane (Mg-PSZ) inokumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nokuqina, kuyilapho i-yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP ) ilukhuni kodwa ijwayele ukuwohloka kwe-hydrothermal.
I-Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) itholakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.I-Gas Pressure Sintered Silicon Nitride (GPPSN) iyinto evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yama-valve nezingxenye ze-valve, enikeza ubulukhuni obuphezulu namandla, ukumelana nokushaqeka okuhle kakhulu kokushisa kanye nokuzinza kokushisa ngaphezu kokuqina okuphakathi. Ukwengeza, i-Si3N4 inikeza indawo efanelekile ye-zirconia ezindaweni ezishisayo zokushisa okuphezulu, ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kwe-hydrothermal.
Ngenxa yesabelomali esiqinile, abacacisi bangakhetha ku-SiC noma i-Alumina.Zombili izinto ezisetshenziswayo zinokuqina okuphezulu, kodwa azinamandla kune-zirconia noma i-silicon nitride.Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi lezi zinto zifaneleka kahle ekusetshenzisweni kwezingxenye ezimile njengama-valve bushings nezihlalo, kunokuba amabhola okucindezeleka aphezulu noma ama-discs.
Izinto ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe zinokuqina okuphansi namandla afanayo kunezinto zensimbi ezisetshenziswa ezinsizeni ezinzima zevalvu yesevisi, okuhlanganisa i-chromium iron (CrFe), i-tungsten carbide, i-Hastelloy ne-Stellite.
Izicelo zesevisi ezinokhahlo zihilela ukusetshenziswa kwama-valve ajikelezayo njengama-butterfly valves, ama-trunnions, ama-valve amabhola antantayo kanye neziphethu.Ezisetshenziswa ezinjalo, i-Si3N4 ne-zirconia inikeza ukumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo, ukuqina namandla okumelana nezimo ezinzima kakhulu.Ngenxa yokuqina nokumelana nokugqwala yezinto ezibonakalayo, impilo yesevisi yezingxenye iphakeme izikhathi eziningana kunezingxenye zensimbi.Ezinye izinzuzo zihlanganisa izici zokusebenza ze-valve phezu kokusebenza kwayo okuwusizo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ikhono lokuvala nokulawula kugcinwa khona.
Lokhu kuboniswa ekusetshenzisweni kwebhola levalvu engu-65 mm (2.6 in) i-kynar/RTFE kanye ne-liner evezwe ku-98% we-sulfuric acid ne-ilmenite, eguqulelwa ku-titanium oxide pigment. ihlala kuze kube amasonto ayisithupha. Nokho, kusetshenziswa i-valve trim yebhola (Umfanekiso 1) owenziwe e-Nilcra!", i-magnesia yokuphathelene eqiniswe kancane i-zirconia (Mg-PSZ) ehlinzeka ngobulukhuni obuhle kakhulu nokumelana nokugqwala, inikeza isevisi yeminyaka emithathu Engaphazamiseki ngaphandle kokunye. ukugqokwa okubonakalayo.
Kuma-valve aqondile ahlanganisa i-angle, i-throttle noma i-globe valves, i-zirconia ne-silicon nitride ifaneleka kokubili ipulaki nesihlalo ngenxa yemvelo "yesihlalo esiqinile" sale mikhiqizo.Ngokufanayo, i-aluminium oxide ingasetshenziswa kwamanye ama-liner namakheji.Izinga eliphezulu wokubekwa uphawu kungafinyelelwa ngokufanisa amabhola okugaya esihlalweni sevalvu.
Ngokwakhiwa kwama-valve, okuhlanganisa ipulaki ye-valve, i-inlet kanye ne-outlet, noma ama-body bushings, noma yiziphi izinto ezine zobumba eziyinhloko zingasetshenziswa kuye ngezidingo zohlelo.Ukuqina okuphezulu nokungagqwala kwempahla kubonisa ukuthi kunenzuzo ekusebenzeni nasensizakalweni. impilo yomkhiqizo.
Thatha, isibonelo, i-valve uvemvane i-DN150 esetshenziswa endaweni yokuhluza i-bauxite yase-Australia.Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-silica kwabezindaba kungabangela ukuguga okuphezulu kuma-valve bushings.Ama-liner okuqala namadiski enziwe nge-28% CrFe alloy futhi asetshenziselwa kuphela Amaviki angu-8 kuya kwangu-10. Nokho, ngama-valve enziwe nge-Nilcra!" I-Zirconia (Umfanekiso 2), impilo yesevisi yanda yaba amasonto angu-70.
Ngenxa yokuqina namandla abo, ama-ceramics asebenza kahle ekusetshenzisweni kwama-valve amaningi.Nokho, ukuqina kwawo nokumelana nokugqwala okufaka isandla ekuphileni isikhathi eside kwe-valve.Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila jikelele ngokunciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula sezingxenye ezishintshayo, ukwehlisa imali yokusebenza. kanye nempahla, ukunciphisa ukuphathwa ngezandla, nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha ngokuvuza okumbalwa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-ceramic kuma-valve anengcindezi ephezulu sekuyisikhathi eside kungenye yezinto ezikhathazayo kakhulu ngoba lawa ma-valve angaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu ye-axial noma ye-torsional.Nokho, abadlali abakhulu emkhakheni manje bathuthukisa imiklamo yebhola ye-valve ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusinda kwe-torque ye-drive.
Omunye umkhawulo omkhulu usayizi.Isihlalo esikhulu kunazo zonke nebhola elikhulu kunawo wonke (Umfanekiso 3) okhiqizwe ku-zirconia ye-magnesia ezinziswe kancane yi-DN500 kanye ne-DN250, ngokulandelana.
Nakuba izinto ze-ceramic manje sekufakazelwe ukuthi ziyisinqumo esifanele, ezinye iziqondiso ezilula zidinga ukulandelwa ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kwazo.Izinto ze-Ceramic kufanele zisetshenziswe kuqala kuphela uma kudingekile ukunciphisa izindleko.Amakhona abukhali kanye nokugxila kokucindezeleka kufanele kugwenywe kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphakathi. ngaphandle.
Noma yikuphi ukungafani kokwandisa okushisayo okungase kube khona kufanele kucatshangelwe ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuklama.Ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwe-hoop, kuyadingeka ukugcina i-ceramic ngaphandle, hhayi ngaphakathi.Ekugcineni, isidingo sokubekezelelana kwejometri nokuqedwa kwendawo kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela, njengoba lezi ingangeza izindleko ezinkulu nezingadingekile.
Ngokulandela le mihlahlandlela kanye nezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokukhetha izinto zokwakha kanye nokuxhumana nabahlinzeki kusukela ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi, kungafinyelelwa isisombululo esifanelekile sazo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibucayi.
Lolu lwazi lususelwa ezintweni ezibonakalayo, ukubuyekezwa kanye nezimo ezinikezwa nguMorgan Advanced Materials.
Morgan Advanced Materials – Technical Ceramics.(November 28, 2019).Izinto zobumba ezithuthukisiwe zezinhlelo zokusebenza zesevisi ezifunwayo.AZOM.Ibuyiswe ngoJanuwari 14, 2022 kusukela ku-https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305.
I-Morgan Advanced Materials – I-Technical Ceramics.”Izisetshenziswa Ze-Ceramic Ezithuthukisiwe Zezicelo Zesevisi Eziqinile”.AZOM.Januwari 14, 2022..
I-Morgan Advanced Materials – I-Technical Ceramics.”Izisetshenziswa Ze-Ceramic Ezithuthukisiwe Zezicelo Zesevisi Eziqinile”.AZOM.https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305.(Kufinyelelwe ngomhlaka-14 Januwari 2022).
I-Morgan Advanced Materials - I-Technical Ceramics.2019. Izinto Ze-Ceramic Ezithuthukisiwe ze-Harsh Service Applications.AZoM, zifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-14 Januwari 2022, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305.
Kule nhlolokhono, i-AZoM ixoxa no-Mohamed Rahaman, waseMissouri University of Science and Technology uSolwazi Emeritus Wezinto Zesayensi Nobunjiniyela, mayelana ne-bioceramics kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo okungaba khona kwezobunjiniyela be-biomedical.
I-AZoM ikhulume noDkt. Iolanda Duarte noJulianne Moura mayelana nocwaningo lwabo, olucabangela ukuba khona kwe-extremophile flora kumaphaneli e-photovoltaic.
I-AZoM ikhulume noSolwazi u-Andrea Fratalocchi wase-KAUST mayelana nocwaningo lwakhe, olugxile ezintweni ezazingaziwa ngaphambilini zamalahle.
Ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kwamafutha kungaholela ekuhlulekeni okuningi kokuzala.Nge-40% yokuphila kokuzala akwanele ukunikeza inani layo lobunjiniyela, ukugcotshwa kwe-underlubrication kanye nokugcwala ngokweqile yizindawo ezibalulekile okufanele ziqashwe.I-LUBEExpert ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise okokugcoba okufanele endaweni efanele endaweni efanele. isikhathi esifanele.
Lena i-JX Nippon Mining & Metals' ucwecwe lwethusi olugoqiwe olujwayelekile olunokuguquguquka okuhle nokumelana nokudlidliza.
I-XRDynamic (XRD) 500 ka-Anton Paar iyi-automated multipurpose powder X-ray diffractometer.Iwumshini we-XRD osebenza ngezinto eziningi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-15-2022
