ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ua like kēia mau wahi i nā pahu populist. ʻO ka ʻike hou ʻana e hiki ai i kahi hoʻi pilikino i loko o ke kūlanakauhale i nele i ka pilikino - i waena o nā malihini.
He lumi kūʻokoʻa i loko o ka lālā o ka Shanghai Silver Jubilee Mini Teahouse Chain, kahi e hiki ai i nā malihini ke leʻaleʻa i ka lau a me ka pauka kī a me nā mea ʻai ma kahi ʻano maʻamau.Credit…Josh Robenstone
ʻO nā wāhine pāʻani kāleka, e kūʻē i ka strategically, spotlessly.Uhi mai ka paka. Aia mākou ma ka moku Huangpu o waena o Shanghai, he kūlanakauhale ma kahi o 25 miliona kānaka. ka hale haʻuki.
ʻO ʻOkakopa 2019, a ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mahina ma mua o ka hōʻike mua ʻana o ka honua i ka hihia o ka novel coronavirus. Ua wehe ʻia nā wahi hōʻuluʻulu lehulehu; ʻAʻole au i uhi ʻia ma ke kaʻaahi, e hakakā pū ana me nā malihini. ʻO ka hale kīʻaha, a laila, he hoʻomaha ia mai ka lehulehu: Ua komo au ma ka puka pōhaku i kiaʻi ʻia e nā liona ʻakaʻaka, a laila hele i kahi alahaka pōkole ma luna o ka dozing koi i loko o ka loko iʻa i kahi mausoleum-like. kahihi papahele ma luna He mau tile ʻeleʻele ʻōlinolino a me nā ipukukui ʻulaʻula e kulu ana me ka laʻi. Ua kāhea mua koʻu alakaʻi, ʻo Ashley Loh o UnTour Food Tours, e hana i kahi manawa, a noho mākou ma ka ʻaoʻao, me nā pale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi kihi hoe. ʻO ia ka mea a mākou i hele ai ma ʻaneʻi, akā ma hope o ke kauoha ʻana, holo aku mākou, ma mua o nā lede e puhi ana i kā lākou kāleka, i ka buffet - nā ipu wela i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka porridge, ka sopa kulina ʻono, ke kalo a me ka borscht ʻO ka sopa, e pili ana i ka borscht i lawe ʻia mai. i ke kūlanakauhale e nā malihini Lūkini ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli ʻOkakopa o 1917.
Ua waiho ʻia kahi aniani kiʻekiʻe i mua oʻu, kahi aquarium i noho ʻia e kahi anemone: kahi chrysanthemum i ninini ʻia mai kahi kiʻekiʻe me ka wai wela, e hana ana i kahi ʻale ʻeleʻele resinous i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻono. , ʻaneʻane pōʻino - he hoʻomaha koke mai ke kūlanakauhale e mau nei; ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi huna huna ma kahi ʻāina i kūʻē i ka manaʻo o ka pilikino pilikino; nā kū'ē'ē o ka noho mehameha, ʻoiai e hui pū ana me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻolaʻa mākou a pau i ka hahai ʻana i kēia manawa pōkole. e pani ʻia nā wahi e like me kēia ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa i loko o kekahi mau mahina a e emi koʻu honua i nā palena o koʻu home ponoʻī.
He mea kahiko ke kī a hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia i ka manaʻo ponoʻī o Kina. ʻO nā moʻo mai Yunnan mokuʻāina ma ke komohana hema o ka ʻāina e hōʻike ana i ke ola ʻana o kahi kupuna pololei o ke kumulāʻau kī 35 miliona mau makahiki i hala. -8 keneturia BC; Ua loaʻa nā koena kī mai ka lua kupapaʻu o kahi mōʻī i make i ka makahiki 141 BC; ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua o ka inu kī ma ka lehulehu e ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 7 AD i ka mōʻī Tang i ka ʻumi kenekulia, akā ʻo ka moʻomeheu teahouse kahi ulu hou loa, e like me ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Wang Di i kākau ma Teahouses: Small Business, Everyday Culture, and Public Politics.Chengdu, 1900 -1950q (2008). Ua hoʻomaka ʻia mai nā pāʻina kī kula a me nā kapuahi kīwila alanui kīwila, nāna i kūʻai aku i ka wai wela no ka hana ʻana i ke kī ma ka home, a laila hoʻomaka e hoʻonohonoho i nā keʻena no nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻomau.
Ma ke Komohana, manaʻo pinepine ʻia nā hale kī he oasis unpretentious o ka maluhia a me ka ʻoluʻolu, me ka ballet hana stylized e hoʻohui i kahi mystique i ka hana kī a me ka inu ʻana, e paipai ana i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo ponoʻī. ʻoiai nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi lumi kīʻaha Iapana, kahi wahi i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia e like me ka nani o ka hana kī, ʻaʻole ia he leʻaleʻa ʻoiai he hana noʻeau, a ʻo nā hale kī kahi e hoʻokipa ai nā geisha i kā lākou mea kūʻai.) Akā ma Kina, ʻo ka ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka moʻomeheu hale kī ʻoi loa paha i loko o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20 ma Chengdu, ka ʻāina hema hema ʻo Sichuan i alakaʻi ʻia e ka makemake no ka pilina kanaka. ʻaʻole pono e ʻākoakoa ma nā kauhale; akā, noho lākou kokoke i kā lākou mau mahinaʻai i ka hoʻopuehu, semi-isolated settlements , e kāhea ana i nā wahi hālāwai e like me nā hale kīʻaha e like me nā hui kaiaulu a me nā kālepa e pili ana i ka Greek Agora, ka Italian Square a me ka Arabian Souks.
No ka poʻe Chengdu, he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ka hale kīʻaha o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. I ka makahiki 1909, aia he 454 mau hale kīʻaha ma nā alanui 516 o ke kūlanakauhale. I ko lākou pepehi ʻana i ka manawa, lawe mai nā mea kūʻai aku i kā lākou mau manu holoholona a kau i nā hīnaʻi mai nā eaves. , Waving semi-surgical tools. Mahjong tiles crackled; ʻO ka poʻe haʻi moʻolelo, he ʻano ʻino i kekahi manawa, ua hoʻowalewale i ka lehulehu o ka poʻe waiwai a me ka ʻilihune; Ua hoʻōho hoʻi ʻo "ka poʻe kālai'āina hale kīʻaha" "Mai kūkākūkā i nā mea pili aupuni" ma lalo o ka hae ʻōlelo aʻo, nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻolaha ana i kēlā mau ʻōlelo, makaʻu i nā mana kiaʻi mau. Ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā hale kīʻaha a pau, q Wang i ʻōlelo ai i ka luna hoʻoponopono a me ke kumu aʻo ʻo Shu Xincheng ma Chengdu i nā makahiki 1920. "ʻAʻohe wahi e noho ai."
Ma ke ʻano he wahi e hoʻopili ai i ka lehulehu a me nā mea pilikino, ʻae ka hale kīʻaha i nā malihini e komo a hoʻololi i nā manaʻo ma ke ʻano manuahi - he neʻe radical i loko o kahi hui e hoʻopaʻa nei i ka ʻohana ma ke ʻano he hui kaiaulu nui a kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai nā hanauna he nui i kahi ʻike home. I loko o kēia kūʻokoʻa, pili koko nā hale kīʻaha i nā hale kofe i ke kenekulia 17 a me ka 18 o ʻEulopa, ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ke akeakamai Kelemania a me ka sociologist ʻo Jȹrgen Habermas no ka uhai ʻana i nā lula i mālama ʻia e ka hale pule. ʻO kekahi "wehewehe i ka monopoly", pēlā e kōkua ai i ka hānauʻana i ka Enlightenment a me ka moku'āina.
ʻAʻole paha e ʻike ʻo Kina me ka 'state-society duality' i ʻike ʻia ma ke Komohana, e like me ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Huang Zhongzheng i kākau ai ma ka 'Public Domain'/'Civil Society' o Kina?' (1993) Akā, manaʻo ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Qin Shao, ʻo nā hale kīʻaha mua, e like me nā microcosms o nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale, aia nō ka mana hoʻokahuli. no nā pilikia o ka wā kahiko a me "ka palaho a me ka haunaele pilikanaka," i kākau ai ʻo Shao i kahi ʻatikala 1998 j j ma kekahi hapa no ka mea ʻae ʻole nā hale kīʻaha i ka pāʻani, ka hoʻokamakama a me ke kani ʻana i nā mele ʻino, akā no ka mea ua ʻike koke ʻia ka leʻaleʻa he mea hoʻoweliweli i ka huahana. ke kū'ē nei i ka wā hou a me ke ʻano hana hou o ka lā hana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Wang i kahi ʻōlelo ʻōlelo mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20: “Mai hele i loko o ka hale kīʻaha, mai nānā i nā keaka kūloko; mahiʻai wale i nā mahina ʻai a kanu i ka laiki.
I ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka mana mokuʻāina ma lalo o ke alakaʻi o ka ʻaoʻao Komunist Mao Zedong, ʻaʻole i hōʻemi wale ʻia ke ola o ka lehulehu, akā ua hui pū ʻia ma o nā hui lehulehu a me nā propaganda omnipresent. ʻAʻole ia a hiki i ka wā post-Mao i hoʻomaka i ka hopena o 1970s i hoʻōla hou ʻia ka kuʻuna i ka wā i wehe ai ke aupuni i kāna ʻoihana pilikino a huli i ka manaʻo kūpono o kahi "socialist market economic" i hoʻomohala ʻia e ke alakaʻi o ia manawa ʻo Deng Xiaoping. .I ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka nohona, nostalgiajonce i manaʻo ʻia he pōʻino a manaʻo e hoʻopau i nā kuʻuna kahiko, nā moʻomeheu, nā maʻamau, a me nā manaʻo e Maoos shabby movementjas ʻāpana o ka hōʻoia hou ʻana i ka ʻike moʻomeheu ma waena o ka hoʻokele waiwai o Kina. he ala.Anthropologist Zhang Jinghong kākau ma Pu-erh Tea: Ancient Caravans and Urban Fashion (2014), the rapid transformation into a global power.Drinking ti ma home and in public has almost became a nationalistic act, an affirmation of being Chinese.
Ma Shanghai - ʻo ka megacity ʻenehana nui loa o Kina - ma mua o ka maʻi maʻi, ua manaʻo ʻo Dehe i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia, kahi mamao loa mai kona poʻe mua o Chengdu. .Akā, ma waena o nā kaukani hale kīʻaha o ke kūlanakauhale, ua manaʻo kekahi mea kiaʻi hou i ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka populist e pili ana i ka hūnā a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, inā ma nā hoʻonohonoho i hoʻolako ʻia me nā lako kahiko, e like me Dehe, a i ʻole avant-garde consciously ʻO ke ʻano aesthetic, e like me Tingtai Teahouse, ma ʻO ka M50 kiʻi ʻāpana o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana mua o Putuo, aia kona mau papa o nā keʻena pilikino i loko o nā pahu kila kila kila. ʻO ka ʻāina ʻo Yunnan ma ke komohana hema o Kina) ma ka papaʻaina. Pono pinepine ʻia nā hoʻopaʻa ʻana a kau ʻia nā palena manawa i hiki ʻole i nā mea kūʻai ke lohi lōʻihi.
Ma kahi noiʻi 1980 e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahi ākea ma New York City, "The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces," ua ʻike ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻAmelika a me ka mea hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale ʻo William H. White ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe "e ʻōlelo e haʻalele i nā mea āpau," hōʻike nā hōʻike. ʻO kā lākou makemake maoli i nā wahi paʻahana: "Me he mea lā ʻo nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ka mea i ʻoi aku ka hoihoi i nā kānaka." Eia naʻe, ma nā hale kīʻaha ʻē aʻe aʻu i kipa aku ai me Loh (a ma hope me ka mea kākau meaʻai ʻo Crystall Mo), ua mālama ʻia nā hālāwai ma waena o nā malihini ma ka liʻiliʻi. e like me ka noho ʻana i kahi hui pilikino; i kekahi manawa, he lālā o ka Silver Creek Small Chain ma ke alanui Yuqing ma ka Concession Farani mua, ʻaʻohe hōʻailona mai waho mai, he lālani wale nō o nā pēpē mōneka chubby, expressionless. ma ka paia. I ke komo ana, kaomi iho la o Loh i ke poo o ka lua o ka pepeke ma ka aoao akau, a i ka wehe ana o ka puka, pii aku la makou i na anuu, hala aku la i ka noe. ma na pohaku paepae.
ʻO nā hale kūʻai kofe ko lākou mea hoʻokūkū i kēia manawa, me ka 30,000-square-foot Starbucks Reserve Roastery storefront ma Shanghaios Jingoan district, i wehe ʻia ma 2017jand teahouses i hoʻololi. ʻO kekahi poʻe e hoʻohana ana i ke kī ma ke ʻano he kiko kikoʻī, nā hana maʻamau e koi ana i nā loea akamai, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he mea waiwai nui me nā kumukūʻai e piʻi ana i mau tausani yuan no ka ipuhao, e like me nā haneli kālā kālā. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia ʻo "kekahi o nā wahi ākea ākea ākea loa," a paʻakikī i nā poʻe o waho ke ʻōlelo i ka nui o ka ʻuhane o ka hale kīʻaha manuahi manuahi a lākou i mālama ai, kahi e hiki ai i nā "poʻe maʻamau" ke ʻōlelo ʻino a hōʻike i ka manaʻo, "Unleashing Destructive Emotions to Respond. i Social Change" me ka makaʻu ʻole i nā hopena a i ʻole ke komo ʻana o ke aupuni. Akā, ʻike ʻia lākou i kahi ʻano nostalgia ʻē aʻe, e noʻonoʻo ana i kahi manawa i emi ʻole ai ka honua a i ʻole ka maʻalahi o ka pani ʻana. hoʻi hope.
I kēia lā, Twitter a me Facebook i arguably pilikua pilikua teahouses, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa no ka poe i unfettered komo ia lakou. mokuʻāina.Akā naʻe, loaʻa nō ka ʻike i ka poʻe e ʻimi nei. I koʻu wā pōkole ma Shanghai, ua haʻi mai kekahi poʻe kamaʻāina iaʻu e pili ana i nā kūʻē pro-democracy Hong Kong i hoʻomaka ma mua o kēlā makahiki (i wehewehe ʻia e ka media mokuʻāina ʻo ka hana a kekahi poʻe pōā i hoʻokauwā ʻia. e nā ʻelele haole), a pehea Uighurs ʻO ka pilikia o Uighurs, he Turkish-speaking a me ka hapa nui o ka poʻe Muslim ma ke komohana o Kina, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā kahua hoʻonaʻauao hou a ke aupuni e koi ai he pono e hakakā i ka Islam extremism. lehulehu a ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻolohe ana. Akā, ʻo wai hoʻi au?
ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope, ua lanakila nui ʻo Kina iā Covid-19 (mai kahi ʻano Delta i ka hopena o Iulai a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ʻAukake) ma o nā lula mask koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻenehana mākaʻikaʻi elaborate, ʻoiai ma ke Komohana ke kūʻokoʻa pinepine ʻia ke kūʻokoʻa o ke kanaka ma luna o ke kuleana hui. kaua. Ina he mea, ua oi aku ka ikaika o ke aupuni Kina mamua o ka wa mamua, a ua oi loa aku ka waiwai o ka aina a hiki ke loaa ia Amerika Huipuia iloko o na makahiki he umi, e like me ka London Center for Economics and Business Research. ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻolohe mai ana i ka leo ʻeleʻele: No ka mea ʻaʻole pili i ka ʻōlelo a nā kānaka? No ka mea, ʻaʻohe mea e loli?
ʻO ka hale kīʻaha maikaʻi loa aʻu i kipa aku ai ma Shanghai, ʻaʻole ia he hale kīʻaha maoli. Aia ma ka Concession Farani mua, aia kēia helu wahi ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke alanui, loaʻa nā kuhikuhi ma ke kau ʻana. ma ka mua; Ua hele mākou ma kekahi puka, a laila ʻē aʻe, a hoʻopau i loko o kahi lumi i kahi hale pilikino. ʻO Wanling Tea House kēia, kahi ʻo Cai Wanling, kahi haku kī mai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Anxi ma ka ʻāina hikina hema o Fujian (kaulana ka ʻāina no ka oolong kī), i hoʻomalu ʻia ma luna o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻaha kī kī Kina.
Me kāna mau mea hana maʻalahi a me nā ʻano kikoʻī, ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia ka hana kī kī Kina he hana kahiko, akā e like me kā ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Lawrence Zhang i kākau ai, he mea hou loa ia, me nā kumu kūloko. ʻO ke kī kī Kung Fu, a hiki i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1970, ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia ma Kina ma waho o Chaozhou ma ka hema hema o Kina. ʻAʻohe pili o ke kī me kahi manaʻo noʻonoʻo kikoʻī. Ua hele mai ia ma hope, i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka hui kī kī Kepanī, kahi mana liʻiliʻi o ka hana kī kī Kepanī i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ti i ka lau holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka pauda a me ka ʻūhā kī.
I ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ʻo Cai, ua lilo ka nīnau inā he kahiko a he hou paha ka hana kī kī. ʻO ka ipu kīʻaha e hōʻike ana i ka honua, a ʻo ke kino ke kī kī i kūkākūkā ʻia ma waena o lākou; ʻO ke kīʻaha o ka hoʻoponopono, ke kīʻaha o ka hoʻoponopono, waiho ʻia ma kahi kihi 45-degere i ka gaiwan, kahi i ninini ʻia ai ke kī, a laila ke kīʻaha o kēlā me kēia malihini, no laila e loaʻa i nā mea a pau - ma ke ʻano he hana kūpono - ka ikaika kī hoʻokahi; he kāwele liʻiliʻi i pelu ʻia, dab spill.
ʻIke ʻo ia i ka lā ohi ʻai ʻana o kēlā me kēia kīʻaha. Eia, kī oolong ma ʻOkakopa 4, 2019; i laila, kī keʻokeʻo ma Malaki 29, 2016. Noho pololei ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he balerina. Ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ke kī, waiho ʻo ia i nā lau kī i loko o kahi gaiwan, uhi i ke poʻi a hoʻoluliluli mālie, a laila hāpai mālie i ke poʻi a hanu i ka ʻala. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻāpana - ʻo ka gaiwan, ke kīʻaha Gongdao, ke kīʻaha lāʻau i puhi ʻia i loko o kahi kiln 400-makahiki - ua wela me kahi kulu o ka wai wela a ninini ʻia i loko o kahi kīʻaha ʻaoʻao. ʻAʻole pili ka mea i ka ʻono, a hoʻolapalapa wale i ka wai i hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha "e mālama i ka wai," wahi āna.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kī ka manawa hoʻoinu, pololei i ka lua, akā ʻaʻohe ona uaki kuhikuhi. ʻOiai ke kī ʻia ʻana o ke kī, noho mālie au me ia. ʻO ia ka hana mana: hoʻomanaʻo i ka haʻi ʻana i ka manawa ma ka noho ʻana ma laila, paʻa i ka kekona i loko o kou kino, kēlā me kēia kekona steady a unusually kaumaha.We e pakele manawa, akā, somehow haku ia. He mea hou ia e hai mai iaʻu - pehea ka palupalu o ka mua infusion ua, o ka lua oi ikaika; pehea ka maʻalili wikiwiki o ke kī i loko o ke kīʻaha pālolo; pehea kona makemake e inu ʻeleʻele oolong kī i ka lā ua – hilinaʻi au a hoʻolohe, nalowale i ka honua i waho no kekahi manawa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jan-17-2022
